Background/Objectives: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic disease with lasting effects, making it one of the most feared sequelae of breast cancer with significant personal and social impacts. Therapeutic exercises play a fundamental role in its treatment. This systematic review aims to provide the most up-to-date findings on the impact of physical exercise on the management of BCRL. Methods: Following the PRISMA statement guidelines, searches were conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Results: Sixteen studies published between 2019 and 2024 were analyzed in detail. The combination of strength and aerobic exercises emerged as an effective strategy for both the treatment and prevention of lymphedema, also highlighting the innovative potential of virtual reality. Conclusions: It is essential to emphasize tailoring exercise programs to each patient individually. Additionally, the promising role of thermography as a non-invasive and safe tool for evaluating lymphedema progress is underscored.