Background and Objectives: Non-malignant pleural effusions (NMPEs) are the most frequently encountered pleural disease. They arise from various non-malignant, non-infectious clinical conditions, including cardiac, renal, and hepatic organ dysfunction. Despite their wide prevalence, there is a lack of literature for NMPE. This publication aims to provide an updated overview of the causes, diagnostic strategies, and management options for NMPE. Materials and Methods: This review synthesizes findings from studies published on NMPE, focusing on the presentation, diagnosis (such as imaging and pleural fluid analysis), and management strategies. Studies were selected based on relevance and were analyzed to provide a comprehensive summary of current practices. Results: The review highlights different etiologies of NMPE, including organ-specific factors. Imaging, pleural fluid analysis, and clinical correlation remain crucial in diagnosing the etiology of NMPE. Treatment strategies are largely dependent on the underlying condition. Medical management remains the mainstay for many causes. In some cases, interventions, such as thoracentesis, tunneled indwelling pleural catheter, or pleurodesis, are necessary. Conclusions: NMPE is a heterogeneous condition with a wide prevalence and significant implications. They present a diagnostic and management challenge due to patient complexity and evolving therapeutic options.

Background and objectives: Therapeutic agents for cancer can cause unique pulmonary toxicities and mimic other conditions. The advent of new targeted molecular and immune therapies has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. These adverse events pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentations, radiographic patterns, and management strategies for noninfectious pulmonary complications associated with cancer therapies. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted focusing on drug-induced lung injury (DILI), radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), pleural disease, pulmonary vascular complications, and other inflammatory conditions in patients with cancer. The data sources included clinical trials, guideline recommendations, observational studies, and expert consensus addressing incidence, pathophysiology, imaging findings, and treatment approaches. Results: Noninfectious pulmonary sequelae of anti-neoplastic therapies encompass a broad spectrum of etiologies. DILI occurs in up to 30% with variable onset and severity. The patterns can be diverse but include interstitial pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage. RILI is common and influenced by the radiation dose, volume, and concurrent therapies, and it may have both acute and chronic clinical and radiographic presentations. Pleural disease may arise from radiation and other agents, and the determination of etiology can impact management. Pulmonary vascular disease arises from many different etiologies, including therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and proteosome inhibitors, thromboembolic disease, as well as rare processes, including pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Other conditions such as transfusion-related lung injury, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and interstitial lung abnormalities can also further complicate the diagnosis. Conclusions: Noninfectious pulmonary complications related to cancer therapies are diverse and often indistinguishable from infectious or malignant processes. The integration of clinical history, imaging, and selective invasive testing are needed for a timely diagnosis. Management typically involves withdrawal of the offending agent and corticosteroids, with immunosuppressive therapy reserved for severe or refractory cases. The awareness of these entities and early recognition are critical to optimizing outcomes.