Apathy is a prevalent yet frequently underrecognized neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by diminished motivation and reduced goal‐directed behavior across multiple domains. It is strongly associated with poorer functional outcomes, increased caregiver burden, and decreased quality of life in various neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite its clinical importance, apathy remains underdiagnosed and undertreated, partly due to overlapping features with depression and cognitive impairment. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on conceptualization, neurobiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for apathy, adopting a transdiagnostic perspective across disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, and major psychiatric conditions. This review distinguishes itself by integrating subtype‐based approaches, biomarker insights, and emerging digital tools, providing a framework for more precise characterization and personalized intervention. This review is based on a nonsystematic literature search conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2011 and 2025. Improved characterization and management of apathy are essential for optimizing patient outcomes, reducing caregiver burden, and guiding future research.

Background: Apathy is a common neuropsychiatric symptom in all stages of dementia, significantly complicating patient management. This study examines the prevalence of apathy across Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and Vascular Dementia (VD) and explores its associations with cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 200 patients diagnosed with AD, LBD, FTD, and VD along with 100 healthy controls (HCs). Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Depression and anxiety in patients were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale, respectively. Cognitive function was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R). MRI findings were evaluated using atrophy scales that are routinely utilized in dementia assessments. Results: Apathy was significantly more prevalent in dementia and MCI patients compared to HC. However, there were no significant differences in apathy prevalence among dementia subtypes. Apathy showed no significant correlation with depression, anxiety, or cognitive performance. Notably, MRI analysis revealed a strong association between apathy and orbitofrontal (OF) sulci atrophy. Conclusions: Apathy is a critical symptom in dementia, linked to OF atrophy and presenting challenges in management. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating apathy assessments in clinical practice. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify the pathophysiology and management of apathy in dementia.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a prevalent but underreported symptom in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), significantly affecting quality of life (QoL). Despite its clinical relevance, SD is often overlooked during routine care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SD, identify associated risk factors, assess its impact on depression and QoL, and explore help-seeking behaviors among pwMS. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 504 pwMS followed at a tertiary MS clinic between November 2023 and May 2024. Data on demographics, disease characteristics, and medications were collected. The Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) was used to assess SD, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression, and the Short Form-12 (SF-12) for QoL. EDSS scores were used to evaluate disability. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square, correlation analyses, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression, with significance set at p < 0.05. SD was identified in 69.0% of patients (73.9% of women, 57.6% of men). SD was significantly associated with female gender (p = 0.001), older age (p = 0.006), higher EDSS scores (p = 0.046), and increased depression levels (r = 0.38). SF-12 scores were significantly lower among those with SD (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, female gender (aOR = 2.01, p = 0.002) and higher BDI scores (aOR = 1.09, p < 0.001) remained independently associated with SD, while age and EDSS did not. No significant associations were found between SD and MS type, disease duration, or type of disease-modifying therapy. Only 9.8% of patients with SD sought medical help, while 83.1% did not seek support. SD is highly prevalent among pwMS and is closely linked to age, disability, depression, and reduced QoL. Depression emerged as a strong independent predictor. Despite this burden, most patients do not seek help. Multidisciplinary approaches and routine screening are essential to address SD in clinical settings.

This study aimed to compare the short-term prophylactic efficacy of greater occipital nerve (GON) blockade in menstrual migraine (MM) subgroups and evaluate the long-term effects on patients’ quality of life. In this prospective study, 33 patients diagnosed with MM (15 with pure menstrual migraine [PMM] and 18 with menstrually related migraine [MRM]) received bilateral GON blockade once a month, one week before menstrual bleeding, for three months. Patients were evaluated before treatment (month 0) and after treatment completion (months 3 and 6) using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. MRM patients had a lower age of MM onset (p = 0.024), higher headache frequency (p = 0.004), and increased medication overuse (p = 0.027) compared to PMM patients. After GON blockade, significant improvements were observed in VAS, HIT-6, MIDAS, and BDI scores in both subgroups, with no significant differences between them. The improvement persisted during the medication-free follow-up period (months 3–6). Patients with mild or no depression showed a more substantial increase in quality of life. Patients experiencing a 50% reduction in headache days demonstrated significant improvement in BDI scores. GON blockade may be an effective option for short-term and long-term prophylaxis in the treatment of MM, reducing the frequency and severity of headaches and improving quality of life and psychological state. Further research with larger patient cohorts and placebo-controlled trials is necessary to validate these findings.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the neurophyschiatric symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) such as apathy and pseudobulbar affect and their correlation with other concomitant factors. Materials and Methods: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Fatigue severity scale (FSS), Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) are applied to 258 MS patients. Correlation and regression analysis are conducted between scales and other possible causers. Results: 53.6% of the patients have psuedobulbar affect, 76.2% of patient population have fatigue. Pseudobulbar affect had positive correlation with fatigue and also depression while apathy negatively correlate with pseudobulbar affect or fatigue. Additionally, apathy and depression correlated negatively. There was no relation between cognition and depression and/or disease duration and/or other scales’ scores. Conclusion: Pseudobulbar affect and apathy are quite common symptoms in MS patients, that are cross-cutting issues. Also, apathy may be an independent neuropyschiatric symptom of MS that need to be approached separately.

Objective: Drug‐induced myoclonus is a rare adverse effect associated with several drug classes, including antipsychotics. This case report describes a patient who developed generalized myoclonic jerks while on long‐term risperidone therapy, in the context of concomitant sertraline use, without fulfilling clinical criteria for serotonin syndrome. Case Presentation: We present a 73‐year‐old male patient with a history of cerebrovascular disease and behavioral symptoms treated with sertraline and risperidone. The patient developed sudden, generalized myoclonic movements. Neurological examination and imaging studies excluded acute structural pathology and metabolic or infectious causes. Serotonin syndrome was ruled out based on clinical findings. The myoclonus resolved rapidly after discontinuation of risperidone, without any specific symptomatic treatment, suggesting a potential drug‐related mechanism. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of recognizing antipsychotic‐related myoclonus as a potentially reversible condition. Clinicians should consider drug‐induced myoclonus in the differential diagnosis and pay special attention to the risks posed by polypharmacy involving psychotropic agents.