Soybean is one of the essential ingredients when formulating a tube feeding formula. In this study, we initially focused on determining which enzyme is suitable for hydrolyzing soy and comparing the soy protein enzymatic hydrolysis of three different enzymes at the same enzyme content: Flavourzyme, Protamex, and Alcalase. The result showed that Flavourzyme attained the highest soluble protein recovery efficiency (SPRE). Secondly, the study determined the effect of thermal treatment conditions such as thermal treatment duration, and then it showed that when combining the thermal treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the yield reached (61.44 ± 0.22)%, which was much higher than only using enzymatic hydrolysis (52.57 ± 0.27)%. Next, optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis (combining thermal treatment) using Flavourzyme and Alcalase, Flavourzyme achieved (62.47 ± 0.12)%, while Alcalase attained (41.32 ± 0.13)%. The soy hydrolyzate using Flavourzyme achieved an average molecular size of 3.19 kDa at the following optimizing conditions: enzyme concentration, 16.09 U·g⁻¹; pH, 7.02; temperature, 45.8 °C; and beans/water ratio, 1:3. In contrast, when using Alcalase, the soy hydrolyzate achieved an average molecular size of 1.52 kDa at the following optimizing conditions: enzyme concentration, 28.01 U·g⁻¹; pH, 7.2; temperature, 56.5 °C; beans/water ratio, 1:4.6. Soy protein hydrolyzate of suitable viscosity and particle size flow through the inhaler with branched-chain amino acids achieved a BCAA (Branched Amino Acid) ratio of 2:1:1 for Alcalase and 4:1:1 for Flavourzyme. Soybean hydrolyzate using both enzymes attained a high SPRE and was suitable for the digestive ability of patients recovering from surgery. Soy protein is divided into amino acids, di- and tri-amino acids, and peptides to create a soluble protein source that helps feed patients with a sonde tube easily. In addition, the molecular weight of peptides will reduce viscosity significantly when passing through a sonde tube, preventing tube congestion.

Many parts of Musa balbisiana have been used widely in traditional medicine, food, or cosmetic purposes. The present study is aimed at obtaining the extract-enriching bioactive compounds from M. balbisiana and determining the bioactive activities of the extract. Total polyphenols and saponins in the extracts were quantified. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction with methanol support. The optimal extraction conditions were at 120 min in 65°C at the material/solvent ratio of 1/36 ( ). The obtained extract containing 51.72 mg/gGAE of total polyphenols (TPC) and 41.66 mg/g of saponins (TSC) was evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic abilities. The extract of M. balbinasia fruit exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The IC₅₀ 112.57 μg/mL (DPPH) and 14.49 μg/mL (ABTS). The absorbance of the extract was at 250 ppm (RP assay). The antibacterial and antifungal inhibition exhibited a correlation with TPC and TSC. The extract inhibited Gram (+) S. aureus better than Gram (-) E. coli, while the inhibition percentage (I%) against A. flavus reached over 70% at 800 ppm. The IC₅₀ value of the extract for anti-inflammatory activity was 187.91 μg/mL. The antidiabetic assessment revealed that methanolic extract showed quite strong inhibition with α-amylase (IC₅₀ 68.26 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ 72.61 μg/mL). The results of the study showed that M. balbinasia fruit is a potential source of bioactive phytochemicals, which can be used as a plant-based antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-flammatorial, and antidiabetic agent. This is valuable information to support further studies to exploit and apply it in functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Alginate/lignin is a synthetic polymer rich in biological activity and is of great interest. Alginate is extracted from seaweed and lignin is extracted from corn stalks and leaves. In this paper, antioxidant activities of alginate/lignin were evaluated, such as total antioxidant activity, reducing power activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Anticancer activity was evaluated in three cell lines (Hep G2, MCF-7, and NCI H460) and fibroblast. Physico-chemistry characteristics of alginate/lignin were determined through FTIR, DSC, SEM_EDS, SEM_EDS mapping, XRD, XRF, and ¹H-NMR. The acute toxicity of alginate/lignin was studied on Swiss albino mice. The results demonstrated that alginate/lignin possessed antioxidant activity, such as the total antioxidant activity, and reducing power activity, especially the α-glucosidase inhibition activity, and had no free radical scavenging activity. Alginate/lignin was not typical in cancer cell lines. Alginate/lignin existed in a thermally stable and regular spherical shape in the investigated thermal region. Six metals, three non-metals, and nineteen oxides were detected in alginate/lignin. Some specific functional groups of alginate and lignin did not exist in alginate/lignin crystal. Elements, such as C, O, Na, and S were popular in the alginate/lignin structure. LD₀ and LD₁₀₀ of alginate/lignin in mice were 3.91 g/kg and 9.77 g/kg, respectively. Alginate/lignin has potential for applications in pharmaceutical materials, functional foods, and supporting diabetes treatment.

The black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) shell, a by‐product of shrimp processing, is a valuable natural source of oil and astaxanthin (AXT). However, extracting these from the shell is difficult due to its tough cell walls. This study examined the use of deep eutectic systems (DESs) to extract oil and AXT from black tiger shrimp shells. Three DESs (choline chloride/glycerol, choline chloride/citric acid, and choline chloride/lactic acid) were tested, and their extraction efficiencies were compared with those of traditional solvents (hexane, ethanol, and acetone). Results indicated that the extraction efficiency of oil and AXT from DESs was lower than that of traditional solvents, but when ethanol was added to the DES as a co‐solvent, it significantly improved the yield. Specifically, combining choline chloride/lactic acid with 45% ethanol resulted in the highest concentrations of oil (6.42/100 g) and AXT (39.10 μg/g), surpassing ethanol (5.12/100 g and 31.56 μg/g) or hexane (5.62/100 g and 33.47 μg/g), and acetone (4.46/100 g and 28.59 μg/g). The shrimp extracts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA) and AXT with potent antioxidant properties.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that can cause elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion or resistance. Different parts of Musa balbisiana have been used widely in traditional medicine to treat many disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic ability of the corm, pseudostem, inflorescence, fruit, peel, and seed of M. balbisiana via in vitro experiments by inhibiting α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzymes as well as in vivo models on diabetic alloxan‐induced mice. The results show that all investigated parts have performed potential inhibition on two investigated digestive enzymes. Seed poses the highest capacity among surveyed parts on α‐amylase (IC ₅₀ :f μg/mL) and α‐glucosidase (IC ₅₀ : 21.63 μg/mL) as well as effectively lowers the blood glucose index (IG) in alloxan‐induced mice. In addition, fruit, corm, and inflorescence are considered essential parts that have high hypoglycemic effects via in vivo experiments. These findings indicate that all M. balbisiana parts are possibly a potential source for hypoglycemic agents; further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety of human beings before applying them in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.