The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise type, field dimensions, and coach encouragement on the intensity and reproducibility of small-sided games. Data were collected on 20 amateur soccer players (body mass 73.1 ± 8.6 kg, stature 1.79 ± 0.05 m, age 24.5 ± 4.1 years, [Vdot]O_2max 56.3 ± 4.8 ml · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹). Aerobic interval training was performed during three-, four-, five- and six-a-side games on three differently sized pitches, with and without coach encouragement. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on the CR10-scale, and blood lactate concentration were measured. Main effects were found for exercise type, field dimensions, and coach encouragement (P < 0.05), but there were no interactions between any of the variables (P > 0.15). During a six-a-side game on a small pitch without coach encouragement, exercise intensity was 84 ± 5% of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration was 3.4 ± 1.0 mmol · l⁻¹, and the RPE was 4.8. During a three-a-side game on a larger pitch with coach encouragement, exercise intensity was 91 ± 2% of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration was 6.5 ± 1.5 mmol · l⁻¹, and the RPE was 7.2. Typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation ranged from 2.0 to 5.4% for percent maximal heart rate, from 10.4 to 43.7% for blood lactate concentration, and from 5.5 to 31.9% for RPE. The results demonstrate that exercise intensity during small-sided soccer games can be manipulated by varying the exercise type, the field dimensions, and whether there is any coach encouragement. By using different combinations of these factors, coaches can modulate exercise intensity within the high-intensity zone and control the aerobic training stimulus.

(2020). Power, precision, and sample size estimation in sport and exercise science research. Journal of Sports Sciences. Ahead of Print.

As with other match analysis systems, ProZone® uses an absolute speed threshold to identify running speeds at “high-intensity”. In this study, we examined the use of an individualized high-intensity speed threshold based on the speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT_2speed) for assessment of the distance run at high-intensity during matches. Ten professional soccer players completed a maximal treadmill test to determine VT_2speed. Match data were identified by means of the ProZone® match analysis system. The distances run at high-intensity during matches were calculated using the default value (19.8 km · h⁻¹) and VT_2speed. Differences between VT_2speed and the default were analysed using a non-parametric median sign test. The distances run at high-intensity were compared with a paired t-test. The median VT_2speed was 15 km · h⁻¹ (range 14–16 km · h⁻¹), which was less than the default (P < 0.01). Mean distance run at high-intensity based on the default and VT_2speed was 845 m (s = 296) and 2258 m (s = 707), respectively [mean difference 1413 m; P < 0.001 (95% CI: 1037–1789 m)]. The high-intensity running speeds based on the second ventilatory threshold are substantially less than that used as the default within the ProZone® match analysis system, thus the distance run at high-intensity can be substantially underestimated.

Previous studies examining methods of monitoring the training and match load in soccer players have simply compared those methods to each other, not to changes in fitness. Training and match load measures from nine professional youth soccer players were collected for a period of six weeks. A lactate threshold test was conducted before and after this period. Mean weekly training and match load as determined by session-RPE, Banister's TRIMP, Team TRIMP and individualised TRIMP (iTRIMP) were correlated with each other, percentage changes in the velocity at 2 mmol · L(-1) (vLT) and 4 mmol · L(-1) (vOBLA) blood lactate concentration, and heart rate at 2 mmol · L(-1) (LT(HR)) and 4 mmol · L(-1) (OBLA(HR)). There were no significant changes in fitness across the six weeks: vLT (p = 0.54), vOBLA (p = 0.16), LT(HR) (p = 0.51) and OBLA(HR) (p = 0.63). Banister's TRIMP was significantly correlated with session-RPE (r = 0.75; p = 0.02) and Team TRIMP (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The percentage change in vLT was significantly correlated to mean weekly iTRIMP (r = 0.67; p = 0.04). The results suggest that an individualised measure of internal load (iTRIMP) related better than other methods to changes in vLT in professional youth soccer players.

Despite the Système International d'Unitès (SI) that was published in 1960, there continues to be widespread misuse of the terms and nomenclature of mechanics in descriptions of exercise performance. Misuse applies principally to failure to distinguish between mass and weight, velocity and speed, and especially the terms "work" and "power." These terms are incorrectly applied across the spectrum from high-intensity short-duration to long-duration endurance exercise. This review identifies these misapplications and proposes solutions. Solutions include adoption of the term "intensity" in descriptions and categorizations of challenge imposed on an individual as they perform exercise, followed by correct use of SI terms and units appropriate to the specific kind of exercise performed. Such adoption must occur by authors and reviewers of sport and exercise research reports to satisfy the principles and practices of science and for the field to advance.