Hao Ruan

Prof. Hao Ruan

ZheJiang Institute For Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
orcid

Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

9Years (2018-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

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1 March 2018 in European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
Bart HensBart Hens
Bart Hens
Marival BermejoMarival Bermejo
Marival Bermejo
YTYasuhiro Tsume
Yasuhiro Tsume
IGIsabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
HRHao Ruan
Hao Ruan
GAGordon L. Amidon
Gordon L. Amidon

1 June 2019 in European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
JAJozef Al-Gousous
Jozef Al-Gousous
HRHao Ruan
Hao Ruan
JBJohannes Blechar
Johannes Blechar
KSK.X. Sun
K.X. Sun
NSN. Salehi
N. Salehi
GAG.L. Amidon
G.L. Amidon

11 April 2025 in Pharmaceuticals
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
HRHao Ruan
Hao Ruan
XGXiaoting Geng
Xiaoting Geng
ZSZijing Situ
Zijing Situ
QSQian Shen
Qian Shen
TYTianjian Ye
Tianjian Ye
WSWeike Su
Weike Su
Background: Candesartan cilexetil, a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) II prodrug, demonstrates compromised bioavailability attributable to its limited aqueous solubility coupled with P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux and hepatic first-pass metabolism, thereby introducing complexities in generic drug bioequivalence assessments. With the rapid advancement of computational technologies, the integration of biorelevant dissolution methodologies with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is emerging as a transformative paradigm in advancing bioequivalence evaluation strategies for generic drug products. This study presents a GastroPlus®-driven framework integrating in vivo predictive dissolution (IPD) and virtual bioequivalence (VBE) to evaluate the quality consistency of generic candesartan cilexetil tablets. Methods: By developing an oral PBPK model in GastroPlus®, we established an IPD method using a phosphate-buffer-based flow-through cell dissolution apparatus. In vitro dissolution profiles of generic tablets from four manufacturers were measured and incorporated into the model to perform VBE simulations. Results: The results demonstrated that only the product from Company A achieved virtual bioequivalence with the reference product, aligning with real-world quality consistency assessments. Conclusions: The proposed framework exhibited robust predictive capability, bridging in vitro dissolution data to in vivo bioequivalence outcomes, thereby offering a cost-effective and efficient strategy for formulation optimization and preclinical bioequivalence evaluation of generic drugs.