Osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk, particularly among aging populations. While conventional pharmacological treatments exist, they often have adverse effects, necessitating the search for alternative therapies. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, has gained significant attention for its potential osteoprotective properties through various molecular mechanisms. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyze the molecular pathways through which resveratrol protects against osteoporosis. Using an advanced search strategy in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, we identified 513 potentially relevant articles. After title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review, 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies comprised 14 in vitro studies, 8 mixed in vitro and in vivo studies, 6 in vivo studies, and 1 cross-sectional study in postmenopausal women. Our findings indicate that resveratrol exerts its osteoprotective effects by enhancing osteoblast differentiation through the activation of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and GATA Binding Protein 1 (GATA-1) pathways while simultaneously inhibiting osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/Transforming Growth Factor-β-Activated Kinase 1 (TRAF6/TAK1). Additionally, resveratrol mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation-induced bone loss by activating the Hippo Signaling Pathway/Yes-Associated Protein (Hippo/YAP) and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) pathways and suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (ROS/HIF-1α) and NADPH Oxidase 4/Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells (Nox4/NF-κB). Despite promising preclinical findings, the low bioavailability of resveratrol remains a significant challenge, highlighting the need for novel delivery strategies to improve its therapeutic potential. This review provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in bone health, supporting its potential as a natural alternative for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Further clinical studies are required to validate its efficacy and establish optimal dosing strategies.

Introduction: Medication errors present a significant challenge to patient safety, stemming from inaccuracies in prescribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. These errors emphasise the urgent need to enhance safe prescribing training for medical students. This systematic review evaluates educational interventions aimed at improving prescribing competencies among medical undergraduates. Methods: A comprehensive search across Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar identified 16 primary studies that met the inclusion criteria. The interventions examined included case-based workshops, simulation-based training, e-learning platforms, interprofessional education, and pharmacist-led initiatives. Results: Findings consistently indicated that structured, longitudinal teaching, particularly when it integrates clinical relevance, decision-support tools, and hands-on practice, significantly enhanced students’ prescribing accuracy and confidence. Additionally, effective training in obtaining patient histories, identifying treatment goals, and recognising contraindications, drug interactions, and comorbidities was deemed critical for reducing medication errors. However, inconsistencies were observed in training content, duration, and delivery methods across institutions. Conclusion: The review highlights the importance of integrating a standardised, evidence-based safe prescribing curriculum that incorporates digital innovations, real-time feedback, and collaborative learning. This will equip future healthcare professionals with the necessary competencies to minimise prescribing errors and uphold patient safety.