Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a prevalent condition characterized by damage to peripheral nerves, often linked to risk factors such as diabetes. This condition results from various forms of neural damage, including injury to the cell body, axons, or demyelination, frequently beginning with small and thinly or unmyelinated fibers. Such nerve damage disrupts normal signaling, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and pain. Effective nerve repair and regeneration, particularly through remyelination, are essential therapeutic objectives. While vitamin B12’s role in repair processes has been well established, emerging evidence suggests that other neurotropic vitamins, specifically B1 and B6, also contribute significantly to nerve health and symptom relief in PN. In this study, we demonstrate that a combination treatment of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 enhances repair and oxidative stress responses in co-cultures of neural and Schwann cells, leading to improved cell maturation and connectivity compared to vitamin B12 alone. Furthermore, proteomic analysis supports these observations at the molecular level, with enhanced cellular recycling processes like proteasome enhancement, as well as protein synthesis upregulation, needed to rebuild nerve connections and combatting oxidative stress. Our combined morphological and molecular results highlight the potential therapeutic advantage of the B1, B6, and B12 combination over vitamin B12 alone.