Sudden coal and gas outbursts pose a significant hazard in deep-seated coal seam extraction, necessitating reliable risk assessment methods. Traditionally, assessments focus on gas-dynamic parameters, but experience shows they must be supplemented with tectonic factors such as fault-related disturbances, weak interlayers, and increased fracturing. Even minor faults in the Karaganda Basin can weaken the coal massif and trigger outbursts. The integration of 3D modeling enhances risk evaluation by incorporating both dynamic (gas-related) and static (tectonic) parameters. Based on exploratory drilling and geophysical studies, these models map coal seam geometry, fault positioning, and high-risk structural zones. In weakened coal areas, stress distribution changes can lead to avalanche-like gas releases, even under normal gas-dynamic conditions. An expert scoring system was used to convert geological and gas-dynamic data into a comprehensive risk index guiding preventive measures. An analysis of Karaganda Basin incidents (1959–2021) shows all outbursts occurred in geological disturbance zones, with 43% linked to fault proximity, 30% to minor tectonic shifts, and 21% to sudden coal seam changes. Advancing 3D modeling, geomechanical analysis, and microseismic monitoring will improve predictive accuracy, ensuring safer coal mining operations.

Air pollution issues are relevant all over the world, especially in industrial areas. The main pollution of the atmosphere is caused by dust emissions from industry. This article discusses the issue of dust emission from the coal industry. The purpose of this research is a comprehensive analysis and environmental assessment of the impact of coal storage processes on the environment. The study was conducted on the example of a coal deposit in the Karaganda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Karaganda region is the industrial base of Kazakhstan, and is characterized more by coal industry facilities. In addition to the impact during the mining period, coal storage is also a serious problem. The problem of storing energy coals on a large scale of their extraction and consumption has a huge impact on the environment, but it is of great economic importance for the region. In this paper, practical methods of combating weathering are considered using the example of coal: small fraction—0–50 mm; large fraction—50–300 mm; oversized—more than 300 mm. Calculations of the formation of emissions, the maximum surface concentrations of pollutants from coal depots were carried out, and plots of their dispersion were constructed. When plotting the dispersion of pollutants, it was revealed that the largest concentration of substances falls on the territory of the coal deposit. According to the data obtained, a directly proportional dependence of the amount of emissions on the volume of incoming coal and the area of the base of the coal stacks is obvious; the temperature fluctuation in the stacks during the research is in the range from 21.9 to 26.1 °C. Scientifically researched anti-emission cover (AEC) on coal stacks. AEC has advantages for a specific climate (frequent winds, dryness): preservation of properties up to 90% over their service life; resistant to environmental aggressiveness and mechanical influences. This method solves two tasks: the first task is to prevent spontaneous combustion of coal stacks, and the second task is to reduce dust emissions from coal stacks. Measures have been developed to minimize the negative impact of coal stacks on the environment.

This article reveals the nature, causes, and main stages of occurrence and development of endogenous fires in coal mines. It is emphasized that one of the key tasks of fire protection specialists is the most accurate determination of the stage of oxidation and self-heating of coal. A review of existing gas analysis methods for identifying the initial and subsequent stages of endogenous fire development is conducted. Particular attention is focused on the importance of obtaining prompt reliable information on the self-heating temperature of coal and the dynamics of its change in the early stages of the process. Since self-heating zones are usually inaccessible for direct instrumental control, the main source of information is the gas analysis of air samples. The authors present the results of research on the dependence of the indicator gas content on the coal self-heating temperature. Based on the Graham criterion, the stages of thermal development of the process are predicted. Correlation dependencies between temperature and integral parameters of indicator gas concentrations are developed, allowing for a sufficient degree of reliability in determining the stages of coal self-heating and spontaneous combustion. Based on the results of the work, methodological recommendations for the prevention and warning of endogenous fires in coal mines and opencasts are proposed. They are based on the most informative and accessible signs suitable for quantitative assessment. The implementation of these recommendations will improve the level of industrial safety and reduce the risks of fires and explosions during mining operations.

This article is devoted to the crucial actual problem of the restoration of lands disturbed by the mining industry. It has been determined that before the reclamation of disturbed lands, it is essential to conduct an environmental impact assessment. The main objective of the research is to find and study the most optimal methods for reducing the technogenic impact of the mining industry on the environment by restoring disturbed areas. The object of the study was a mining enterprise in the Karaganda region. The Karaganda region was chosen for the study due to being the one with the most mining industry. After the extraction of mineral resources, the territories of the region became the most vulnerable and required the clearest solution for land restoration, taking into account the physical and geographical conditions. The work includes a statistical analysis of historical data on the state of disturbed territories of the Karaganda region, and laboratory and field studies. The comprehensive study revealed a clear need to restore disturbed lands. This will prevent further degradation of land resources and will make it possible to use them for new agricultural purposes. For the first time, studies were conducted for various soils, including technogenic soils, typical for areas where mining enterprises are located. For the first time, a reclamation algorithm has been developed for a mining enterprise in the Karaganda region, taking into account engineering and geological surveys.

This article presents an environmental assessment of emissions from a solid waste landfill in the Karaganda Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to study the dynamics of methane release and determine its energy potential. The study is based on an analysis of a 13-hectare facility that has been operating since 2015 in a reclaimed quarry with an average annual accumulation volume of up to 4000 tons. The methodology includes a detailed analysis of the morphological composition of waste (57% of the organic fraction) and consideration of regional climatic parameters for modeling the phase-specific formation of biogas, according to the approved national methodology. It has been established that, by 2030, the volume of methane will be 81.7–92.6 tons/year. Based on the data obtained, a set of environmental protection measures is proposed, including the installation of special pipes for degassing and the introduction of automated monitoring based on stationary sensors. The results confirm the technical feasibility of using landfill gas as an alternative energy resource and can serve as a scientific and methodological basis for designing environmentally safe landfills in a sharply continental climate and intensive industrial infrastructure.

The article presents the most effective degassing methods when carrying out preparatory workings for coal, provides an analysis of the effectiveness of each degassing method, the conditions for their use to reduce the gas content of the formation, increase the pace of preparatory workings and the safety of mining operations. To reduce the gas content of workings carried out in a coal seam, preliminary degassing of the seam can be used, carried out before the working, or degassing of the coal mass during the working period. The most effective way to reduce methane emission into development workings is preliminary degassing of the coal mass with a period of gas capture before the start of tunneling work in the prepared area of at least 12 months. В статье приведены наиболее эффективные методы дегазации при проведении подготовительных выработок по углю, дан анализ эффективности каждого метода дегазации, условия для их применения для снижения газоносности пласта, повышения темпа проведения подготовительных выработок и безопасности ведения горных работ. Для снижения газообильности выработок, проводимых по угольному пласту, может применяться предварительная дегазация пласта, осуществляемая до проведения выработки, или дегазация угольного массива в период проведения выработки. Наиболее эффективным способом снижения метановыделения в подготовительные выработки является предварительная дегазация угольного массива со сроком каптажа газа до начала проходческих работ на подготавливаемом участке не менее 12 месяцев. Мақалада көмірге дайындық қазбаларын жүргізу кезінде газсыздандырудың ең тиімді әдістері келтірілген, газсыздандырудың әр әдісінің тиімділігіне талдау жасалады, қабаттың газдылығын төмендету, дайындық қазбаларын жүргізу қарқынын арттыру және тау-кен жұмыстарын жүргізу қауіпсіздігі үшін оларды қолдану шарттары келтірілген. Көмір қабаты бойынша жүргізілетін қазбалардың газдың көптігін төмендету үшін қазба жүргізілгенге дейін жүзеге асырылатын қабаттың алдын ала газсыздандырылуы немесе қазба жүргізу кезеңінде көмір массивінің газсыздандырылуы қолданылуы мүмкін. Дайындық қазбаларына метан бөлуді азайтудың ең тиімді әдісі-дайындалған учаскеде қазу жұмыстары басталғанға дейін газды каптаждау мерзімі кемінде 12 ай болатын көмір массивін алдын ала газсыздандыру.