Recent breakthroughs in mRNA therapeutics have transformed vaccine development, largely powered by lipid nanoparticle (LNP) based delivery systems. However, these systems exhibit a strong hepatic tropism, making them suboptimal for targeting extrahepatic organs such as the brain, lungs, pancreas, heart, and tumor tissues critical to non-vaccine therapeutic applications. This review explores next-generation delivery strategies designed to overcome liver centric distribution. We highlight emerging platforms, including pKa-tuned LNPs, polymeric and peptide-based carriers, exosomes, and biomimetic vesicles, along with physical enhancement techniques such as ultrasound, laser, and MRI-guided systems. Nonetheless, researchers are achieving more precise delivery to deep seated tissues by integrating these technologies with targeted ligands and responsive release mechanisms. Applications in oncology, cardiology, pulmonology, and neurology are discussed with a focus on preclinical and early clinical outcomes. Regulatory considerations, including immunogenicity, biodistribution, and manufacturing scalability, are also reviewed. Ultimately, this article presents a forward-looking perspective on engineering safe, organ specific mRNA delivery platforms beyond the liver, enabling the advancement of precision therapeutics. This review will provide a timely and comprehensive overview of innovative strategies to overcome these challenges, focusing on non-vaccine applications.

Despite having current advanced therapy, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) remains a common yet debated healthcare-associated topic worldwide due to multi-drug resistance Candida species. In our revie... Plain language summary There is a type of fungi called Candida that is responsible for infections like vulvovaginal candidiasis in the human vagina. Due to resistance of currently available antifun... Graphical abstract

Ovarian cancer remains one of the main causes of human mortality, accounting for millions of deaths every year. Despite of several clinical options such as chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), hormonal treatment, radiation therapy, and surgery to manage this disease, the mortality rate is still very high. This alarming statistic highlights the urgent need for innovative approaches to improve both diagnosis and treatment. Success stories of iron oxide nanoparticles, i.e. Ferucarbotran (Resovist®) and Ferrixan (Cliavist®) for liver imaging, CNS (Central nervous system) imaging, cell labeling, etc. have motivated researchers to explore these nanocarriers for treatment and diagnosis of different diseases. Iron oxide nanoparticles have improved the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs through targeted delivery, heat/ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation on application of external energy and have also shown great potential as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their unique magnetic properties enable sensitive imaging, and surface modification allows the attachment of specific biomolecules for targeted detection of ovarian cancer cells. Their unique properties, viz. magnetic responsiveness and surface functionalization, make them versatile tools for enhancing both imaging and therapeutic outcomes. Present article reviews the literature on the synthesis, functionalization, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles in management of ovarian cancer.

Among the many ongoing difficulties, Candida infections present significant clinical hurdles due to the rapid development of resistance, recurrent episodes, and the limited effectiveness of conventional therapies. In recent decades, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown a specific impact ( > 84% Candida biofilm inhibition in pre-clinical models) by addressing the critical challenges of mitigating drug side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR). This paper provides an in-depth overview of synthesis, fabrication, mechanistic insights, preclinical and clinical practices for MNPs and LNPs, discussing and highlighting their therapeutic efficacy against resistant Candida species over traditional methods. Literature was sourced from peer-reviewed journals and databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WIPO, and Clinical Trials up to May 2025. The potential of hybrid MNP-LNP systems with surface modification enables functionalization with targeting ligands and more specific binding toward fungal cells to enhance the therapeutic index. In addition, combining drug-loaded MNPs and LNPs with artificial intelligence (AI), photodynamic, gene, or immune therapies, offers a comprehensive and innovative solution for MDR Candida. However, addressing regulatory complexity still needs to be considered toward optimizing the stability and scalability of MNPs and LNPs for clinically meaningful translation.