Climate change significantly impacts species distribution and survival, particularly for habitat specialists with limited dispersal abilities. This study investigates the current and future distribution of Tylonycteris pachypus, one of the world’s smallest bats specialized in bamboo-dwelling, using ensemble modeling approaches. Based on comprehensive occurrence data and seven environmental variables, we developed an ensemble model using the Biomod2 platform, achieving high predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.981, TSS: 0.877). Three environmental variables were identified as crucial determinants: minimum temperature of the coldest month (40.90% contribution), maximum temperature of the warmest month (38.38%), and precipitation of the wettest quarter (11.09%). Currently, highly suitable habitats (291.893 × 10⁴ km²) are concentrated in three main regions: southern China and Indochina Peninsula, Myanmar–Bangladesh–northeastern India, and isolated areas in southwest India and Thailand. Under future climate scenarios, particularly SSP585, suitable habitats are projected to decrease substantially (64.4% reduction by 2090s), with a notable northward shift in distribution. However, the species’ limited dispersal ability, specific habitat requirements, and geographical barriers may constrain its capacity to track these climate-driven changes. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of T. pachypus to climate change and emphasize the need for targeted conservation strategies, including protecting climate-resilient habitats and maintaining bamboo forest corridors. This study provides a comprehensive framework for monitoring and conserving this specialized species under climate change, while considering its unique ecological constraints and dispersal limitations.

Rice–fish coculture, a traditional integrated agriculture–aquaculture system, has been recognized as a “Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System” due to its ecological and socio-economic benefits. However, the impact of rice–fish coculture on greenhouse gas emissions remains controversial. This study investigated the effects of rice–fish coculture on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in the Qingtian rice–fish system, a 1200-year-old terraced paddy field system in Zhejiang Province, China. A field experiment with two treatments, rice–fish coculture (RF) and rice monoculture (RM), was conducted to examine the relationships between fish activities, water and soil properties, microbial communities, and greenhouse gas fluxes. Results showed that the RF system had significantly higher CH₄ emissions, particularly during the early rice growth stage, compared to the RM system. This increase was attributed to the lower dissolved oxygen levels and higher methanogen abundance in the RF system, likely driven by the grazing, “muddying”, and burrowing activities of fish. In contrast, no significant differences in N₂O emissions were observed between the two systems. Redundancy analysis revealed that water variables contributed more to the variation in greenhouse gas emissions than soil variables. Microbial community analysis indicated that the RF system supported a more diverse microbial community involved in methane cycling processes. These findings provide new insights into the complex interactions between fish activities, environmental factors, and microbial communities in regulating greenhouse gas emissions from rice–fish coculture systems. The results suggest that optimizing water management strategies and exploring the potential of microbial community manipulation could help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the ecological and socio-economic benefits of these traditional integrated agriculture–aquaculture systems.

Introduction: Understanding rhizosphere microbiomes of endemic plants is crucial for their conservation, yet it remains poorly explored, in particular for species-rich genera with high endemism rates like Impatiens.Methods: We investigated rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities of five Impatiens species (including two endemics) across altitude gradients in subtropical China using high-throughput sequencing. We analyzed microbial community structure in relation to environmental factors, soil properties, and plant traits.Results: Significant interspecific variations were observed in both bacterial and fungal communities, with endemic species harboring distinct microbiomes. Fungal communities showed stronger species-specificity than bacterial communities, particularly in the endemic I. suichangensis. Redundancy analysis revealed that elevation explained a substantially higher proportion of fungal community variation compared to bacterial variation. Soil nutrients and pH strongly influenced microbial community structure, while plant traits showed species-specific correlations with particular microbial taxa. Notably, companion plant diversity positively correlated with fungal diversity indices.Discussion: These findings highlight the complex associations among plant traits, environmental factors, and rhizosphere microbiomes in Impatiens species, providing correlative evidence for potential plant-microbe interactions in endemic plant species. Our results emphasize the importance of considering both above- and below-ground components in conservation strategies for endemic plant species.