Objectives: To determine the prescribing prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in Greece and examine patterns of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) utilization and associated treatment costs using nationwide real-world data. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the national e-prescription database was performed, identifying patients initiating first-line treatment (FLT) for EGFR- or ALK-positive NSCLC between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. Demographic characteristics, prescribing prevalence data, drug utilization patterns, total annual drug expenditures, and per patient treatment costs were assessed. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS-v.29. Results: Overall, 1188 EGFR-positive (mean age of 70.93 ± 11.6) and 246 (mean age of 64.26 ± 12.6) ALK-positive NSCLC patients initiated FLT during the three-year study period. EGFR mutations were slightly more common in females (53%), peaking in the 70–79 age group (35%). ALK mutations were also more common among females (52%), particularly within the 60–79 age group. In EGFR-positive patients, osimertinib usage markedly increased from 41% in 2020 to 63% in 2022, primarily displacing afatinib (from 32% to 22%) and erlotinib (from 24% to 14%), with gefitinib prescriptions falling below 2%. Among ALK-positive patients, crizotinib utilization declined significantly from 60% to 16%, whereas alectinib increased to 59% by 2022. Annual EGFR-related total drug expenditures remained stable (€11.5 million in 2020 vs. €11.9 million in 2022), driven primarily by increasing osimertinib usage. Similarly, ALK-related annual drug expenditures showed stability, with costs predominantly attributed to rising alectinib utilization. Conclusions: This nationwide analysis highlights the rapid adoption of second- and third-generation TKIs for EGFR- and ALK-positive NSCLC in Greece, reflecting evolving clinical practice patterns. Although the target patient populations are relatively small, the associated economic burden is considerable. To ensure long-term sustainability of the Greek healthcare system, policymakers should critically assess the cost-effectiveness of these innovative therapies and align resource allocation with value-based care principles.

Objective: This systematic literature review aimed to summarize the economic burden of lung cancer in Greece, identify current data gaps, and support the design of future real-world studies. Methods: A systematic search of studies published in English on the cost of lung cancer was performed in MEDLINE-(PubMed), Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The databases were searched until September 2024, and records were screened based on our eligibility criteria. After conducting the initial literature search, the abstracts and full texts of the identified studies were reviewed and evaluated for inclusion based on predefined criteria. Data from the selected studies were then extracted into a standardized form and subsequently synthesized. Results: Seven studies were included in this review. The reported burden was sourced from hospital data and categorized as direct and indirect costs. Most studies (n = 6) reported direct costs, with one study reporting both direct and indirect costs. The total direct medical cost per patient increased from approximately EUR 16,000 in 2015 to EUR 58,974 in 2023, with drug acquisition costs being the key driver of the total direct cost. Additionally, the cost of end-of-life care during the final six months of a patient’s life was estimated to range from EUR 6786 to EUR 7665 per patient, with pharmaceutical costs comprising the largest proportion of the total cost. One study also reported that indirect costs were considerably higher for patients than for family caregivers. Conclusion: The economic burden of lung cancer has increased substantially over the past decade in Greece. The present systematic review emphasizes the critical need for comprehensive real-world studies on the economic burden of lung cancer in Greece. Addressing the current gaps holistically will yield invaluable insights for policymakers and stakeholders.