Objective: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. In recent years, studies have shown that patients with ADHD often experience sleep problems, raising clinical interest in the potential role of polysomnography (PSG) in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. This study examines polysomnographic findings in children with ADHD who present with diverse sleep complaints. Methods: A cohort of children aged younger than 18 years, diagnosed with ADHD based on DSM-5 criteria, underwent overnight polysomnography. The study assessed various sleep parameters, including sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and the presence of sleep-disordered breathing. Results: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 36 children (29 boys and 7 girls) aged 6 to 14 years, diagnosed with ADHD, who underwent polysomnography between 2021 and 2024. Polysomnographic findings revealed that 77.78% of the children demonstrated significant snoring. Furthermore, 50.0% were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). In addition, eight children exhibited parasomnias. Among them, six had bruxism, three were diagnosed with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and two experienced sleep talking. Other notable sleep-related conditions included two cases of narcolepsy, one case of prolonged sleep onset latency, and one case of central apnea syndrome. Total sleep time (TST) was significantly longer in females compared to males (400.71 ± 32.68 min vs. 361.24 ± 41.20 min, p = 0.0215), whereas rapid eye movement (REM) latency was longer in males compared to females (118.62 ± 55.60 min vs. 78.57 ± 27.82 min, p = 0.0194). These findings highlight the high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children with ADHD who present with sleep disturbances. Furthermore, sleep quality, as indicated by longer TST and shorter REM latency, appears to be better in females with ADHD. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the critical role of polysomnography (PSG) in the assessment of children with ADHD. PSG provides an objective evaluation of sleep abnormalities commonly associated with ADHD, which may influence symptom manifestation and treatment outcomes. Notably, the results suggest that females with ADHD exhibit better sleep quality, as indicated by longer total sleep time (TST) and shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latency compared to males. We recommend incorporating polysomnography (PSG) into the comprehensive assessment of children with ADHD who present with significant sleep disturbances. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of targeted interventions for sleep abnormalities on ADHD symptoms, prognosis, and potential sex-specific differences.

Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) affects patients after recovering from acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study investigates the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on PASC symptoms in children in Taiwan during the Omicron pandemic. Methods: We enrolled children under 18 years with PASC symptoms persisting for more than 4 weeks. Data collected included demographics, clinical information, vaccination status, and symptom persistence. We used logistic regression models to compare symptoms in the acute and post-COVID-19 phases and to assess the association between vaccination and these symptoms. Results: Among 500 PASC children, 292 (58.4%) were vaccinated, 282 (52.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 7.6 (4.6) years. Vaccinated individuals exhibited higher odds of experiencing symptoms in the previous acute phase, such as cough (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–2.42), rhinorrhea/nasal congestion (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.13–2.67), sneezing (AOR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.02–2.76), sputum production (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.15–3.19), headache/dizziness (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.04–2.87), and muscle soreness (AOR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.13–4.80). In contrast, there were lower odds of experiencing abdominal pain (AOR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25–0.94) and diarrhea (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17–0.78) in children who had received vaccination during the post-COVID-19 phase. Conclusions: This study revealed clinical features and vaccination effects in PASC children in Taiwan. Vaccination may reduce some gastrointestinal symptoms in the post-COVID-19 phase.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Several susceptibility loci associated with TS have been identified previously in populations of European descent using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the exact pathogenic mechanism underlying TS is unknown; additionally, the results of previous GWAS for TS were based on Western populations, which may not translate to other populations. Therefore, we conducted a GWAS in Taiwanese patients with TS and chronic tic disorders (CTDs), with an aim to elucidate the genetic basis and potential risk factors for TS in this population. GWAS was performed on a Taiwanese TS/CTDs cohort with a sample size of 1007 patients with TS and 25,522 ancestry-matched controls. Additionally, polygenic risk score was calculated and assessed. Genome-wide significant locus, rs12313062 (p = 1.43 × 10^-8) and other 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms, were identified in chromosomes 12q23.2, associated with DRAM1 and was a novel susceptibility locus identified in TS/CTDs group. DRAM1, a lysosomal transmembrane protein regulated by p53, modulates autophagy and apoptosis, with potential implications for neuropsychiatric conditions associated with autophagy disruption. This study conducted the first GWAS for TS in a Taiwanese population, identifying a significant locus on chromosome 12q23.2 associated with DRAM1. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of TS and potential directions for future research in this area.