Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans, and the production of Se-enriched rice (Oryza sativa) is a key approach for Se supplementation. Nevertheless, the effects of different Se forms and concentrations on the metabolism and aboveground absorption pathways of rice seedlings are not yet well-understood. Therefore, we conducted a hydroponic experiment and used transcriptome analysis to study the absorption and transformation processes of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) and selenomethionine (SeMet) in rice at the seedling stage. The aboveground (stem + leaf) Se concentration at the seedling stage was higher under the SeMet treatments, and low Se applications (<25 μM) significantly promoted rice growth. Selenocysteine (SeCys) and SeMet were the primary forms of Se in rice, accounting for 57–86.35% and 7.6–31.5%, respectively, while selenate [Se (VI)] significantly increased when Se levels exceeded 25 μM. In the transcriptome, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in the following pathways: carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. In the Na₂SeO₃ treatments, genes encoding phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), polyamine oxidase (PAO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were upregulated, and the expression levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) decreased with increasing Se levels. SeMet treatments upregulated genes encoding PFK, PK, glutamine synthetase (NADH-GOGAT), and L-ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and expression levels of DEGs increased with increasing Se levels. This study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the uptake and metabolism of different Se forms in rice at the seedling stage.

Maintaining intestinal health is fundamental to immune competence and disease resistance in broiler chickens; however, effective nutritional strategies that enhance gut barrier integrity and systemic health remain under investigation. This study evaluated the effects of a multi-strain probiotic composed of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, meat quality, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in broilers. The research included 144 Ross 308 broilers aged one day, distributed randomly into two diet groups, each containing 6 replicates of 12 birds. During the 42 d trial, the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal, with the compound probiotics (CP) diet additionally containing 0.3% compound microbial preparation. Growth performance, meat quality, serum immune and antioxidant indices, intestinal morphology, intestinal barrier-related genes and cecal microbiota were analyzed. Compared with the CON, CP supplementation significantly increased average daily gain, reduced feed conversion ratio, and improved eviscerated and breast muscle yields (p < 0.05). Meat quality was enhanced, as indicated by higher pH_45min, increased redness (a*), and reduced shear force and drip loss in breast muscle (p < 0.05). In addition, CP broilers exhibited improved amino acid and fatty acid profiles in breast muscle (p < 0.05). Serum analysis revealed elevated immunoglobulin G and interleukin-10 levels, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in the CP group (p < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation significantly improved intestinal morphology and upregulated barrier-related genes such as mucin-1 (MUC-1), claudin-1(CLDN-1), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin (OCLN) (p < 0.05). Moreover, cecal microbiota analysis demonstrated increased abundance of Bacteroidota and enrichment of beneficial genera, including Megamonas, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with 0.3% compound probiotics effectively enhanced growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in broilers.

Agricultural by-products and Chinese medicine crop residues, as non-traditional animal feed, have great potential to alleviate the scarcity of traditional feed and reduce the environmental burden. In this study, the effects of adding fermented ginseng by-products to the diet on growth performance, meat quality, flavor characteristics and metabolism of Hongyu roosters were evaluated. A total of 100 Hongyu roosters were randomly assigned to either a control (Con) group fed a basal diet or a fermented ginseng by-products (Fe) group fed a basal diet supplemented with 3% fermented ginseng by-products, with five replicates per group, for 100 days. The results demonstrated that the fermented diet significantly enhanced final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) while reducing the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). The percentages of breast and thigh muscles and breast muscle fiber diameter were significantly increased. The results also exhibited enhanced water-holding capacity, coupled with significantly decreased shear force and drip loss (p < 0.05). Electronic nose and tongue analyses confirmed enriched meat aroma and optimized taste profiles, which aligned with elevated levels of flavor-precursor amino acids and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Serum metabolomics found purine metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to be pivotal pathways. Metabolites related to nucleotide and lipid metabolism were regulated. In conclusion, fermented ginseng by-products serve as an effective functional feed to improve poultry growth performance and meat quality.