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Dr. Evan Thomas
Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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The prevalence of drought in the Horn of Africa has continued to threaten access to safe and affordable water for millions of people. In order to improve monitoring of water pump functionality, telemetry-connected sensors have been installed on 480 electrical groundwater pumps in arid regions of Kenya and Ethiopia, designed to improve monitoring and support operation and maintenance of these water supplies. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of two classification systems designed to identify the functionality and non-functionality of these electrical pumps, one an expert-informed conditional classifier and the other leveraging machine learning. Given a known relationship between surface water availability and groundwater pump use, the classifiers combine in-situ sensor data with remote sensing indicators for rainfall and surface water. Our validation indicates a overall pump status sensitivity (true positive rate) of 82% for the expert classifier and 84% for the machine learner. When the pump is being used, both classifiers have a 100% true positive rate performance. When a pump is not being used, the specificity (true negative rate) is about 50% for the expert classifier and over 65% for the machine learner. If these detection capabilities were integrated into a repair service, the typical uptime of pumps during drought periods in this region could potentially, if budget resources and institutional incentives for pump repairs were provided, result in a drought-period uptime improvement from 60% to nearly of 85% - a 40% reduction in the relative risk of pump downtime.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas; Daniel Wilson; Styvers Kathuni; Anna Libey; Pranav Chintalapati; Jeremy Coyle. A contribution to drought resilience in East Africa through groundwater pump monitoring informed by in-situ instrumentation, remote sensing and ensemble machine learning. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 780, 146486 .

AMA Style

Evan Thomas, Daniel Wilson, Styvers Kathuni, Anna Libey, Pranav Chintalapati, Jeremy Coyle. A contribution to drought resilience in East Africa through groundwater pump monitoring informed by in-situ instrumentation, remote sensing and ensemble machine learning. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 780 ():146486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas; Daniel Wilson; Styvers Kathuni; Anna Libey; Pranav Chintalapati; Jeremy Coyle. 2021. "A contribution to drought resilience in East Africa through groundwater pump monitoring informed by in-situ instrumentation, remote sensing and ensemble machine learning." Science of The Total Environment 780, no. : 146486.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Unsafe drinking water contributes to diarrheal disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income contexts, especially among children under five years of age. Household-level water treatment interventions have previously been deployed in Rwanda to address microbial contamination of drinking water. In this paper, we describe an effort to integrate best practices regarding distribution and promotion of a household water filter with an on-going health behavior messaging program. We describe the implementation of this program and highlight key roles including the evaluators who secured overall funding and conducted a water quality and health impact trial, the promoters who were experts in the technology and behavioral messaging, and the implementers who were responsible for product distribution and education. In January 2019, 1023 LifeStraw Family 2.0 household water filters were distributed in 30 villages in the Rwamagana District of Rwanda. Approximately a year after distribution, 99.5% of filters were present in the household, and water was observed in 95.1% of filters. Compared to another recent water filter program in Rwanda, a lighter-touch engagement with households and supervision of data collection was observed, while also costing approximately twice per household compared to the predecessor program.

ACS Style

Abigail Bradshaw; Lambert Mugabo; Alemayehu Gebremariam; Evan Thomas; Laura MacDonald. Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1615 .

AMA Style

Abigail Bradshaw, Lambert Mugabo, Alemayehu Gebremariam, Evan Thomas, Laura MacDonald. Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1615.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abigail Bradshaw; Lambert Mugabo; Alemayehu Gebremariam; Evan Thomas; Laura MacDonald. 2021. "Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1615.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Rural isolation can limit access to basic services and income-generating opportunities. Among some communities, rainfall induced flooding can cause increased uncertainty where first-mile transportation infrastructure is limited. In Rwanda, this challenge is apparent, where 90% of the population below the poverty line live in rural areas that are typically mountainous with frequent flooding - events that may be increasing in frequency and severity as the climate changes. To reduce these transportation barriers, the non-profit organization Bridges to Prosperity (B2P) plans to construct hundreds of trailbridges in Rwanda between 2018 and 2023. This scale of rural infrastructure services presents an opportunity for experimental investigation of the effects of these new trailbridges on economic, health, agricultural and education outcomes in rural communities. In this paper, we present a cohort study evaluating the potential community benefits of rural trailbridges - including economic, health and social outcomes for Rwandan communities experiencing environmental change. We examined households living near 12 trailbridge sites and 12 comparison sites over February 2019–March 2020. We found that labor market income increased by 25% attributable to the trailbridges. We did not observe any significant effects on agricultural income, education or health outcomes, however given the small sample and short duration of this study we anticipate observing additional outcomes within the recently started 200 site, 4 year trial.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas; Abigail Bradshaw; Lambert Mugabo; Laura MacDonald; Wyatt Brooks; Katherine Dickinson; Kevin Donovan. Engineering environmental resilience: A matched cohort study of the community benefits of trailbridges in rural Rwanda. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 771, 145275 .

AMA Style

Evan Thomas, Abigail Bradshaw, Lambert Mugabo, Laura MacDonald, Wyatt Brooks, Katherine Dickinson, Kevin Donovan. Engineering environmental resilience: A matched cohort study of the community benefits of trailbridges in rural Rwanda. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 771 ():145275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas; Abigail Bradshaw; Lambert Mugabo; Laura MacDonald; Wyatt Brooks; Katherine Dickinson; Kevin Donovan. 2021. "Engineering environmental resilience: A matched cohort study of the community benefits of trailbridges in rural Rwanda." Science of The Total Environment 771, no. : 145275.

Review article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Engineered environmental health interventions and services in low-income and resource-limited settings—such as water supply and treatment, sanitation, and cleaner household energy services—have had a less than expected record of sustainability and have sometimes not delivered on their potential to improve health. These interventions require both effectively functioning technologies as well as supporting financial, political, and human resource systems, and may depend on user behaviors as well as professionalized service delivery to reduce harmful exposures. In this perspective, we propose that the application of smarter, more actionable monitoring and decision support systems and aligned financial incentives can enhance accountability between donors, implementers, service providers, governments, and the people who are the intended beneficiaries of development programming. Made possible in part by new measurement techniques, including emerging sensor technologies, rapid impact evaluation, citizen science, and performance-based contracting, such systems have the potential to propel the development of solutions that can work over the long-term, allowing the benefits of environmental health improvements to be sustained in settings where they are most critical by improving trust and mutual accountability among stakeholders.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas; Joe Brown. Using Feedback to Improve Accountability in Global Environmental Health and Engineering. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 55, 90 -99.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas, Joe Brown. Using Feedback to Improve Accountability in Global Environmental Health and Engineering. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 55 (1):90-99.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas; Joe Brown. 2020. "Using Feedback to Improve Accountability in Global Environmental Health and Engineering." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 1: 90-99.

Technology and code article
Published: 02 November 2020 in Frontiers in Climate
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Millions of people living in the drought-prone Horn of Africa face an increasing threat from a lack of safe, reliable, and affordable water year-round as droughts become more severe and frequent. Drought emergencies emerge when reduced rainfall conspires with limited community water service capacity to cause dramatic reductions in access to water for people, livestock and agriculture. Drought-driven humanitarian emergencies can be prevented if groundwater is reliably made available at strategic locations during cycles of water stress. The Drought Resilience Impact Platform (DRIP) is an initiative combining early detection and planning with proactive groundwater management to ensure water availability, thus enabling drought-prone communities to become effective managers in the prevention of these humanitarian crises. It replaces reactive and expensive short-term assistance measures, like water trucking, with a framework for drought resilience. DRIP links in situ sensors deployed in East Africa with remote sensing data to improve estimates for rainfall and groundwater availability, and it will also develop a localized model for water demand forecasting. These indicators support the operation and maintenance of strategically selected groundwater borehole systems, thereby helping to support water delivery during dry and drought seasons. DRIP can be used to support pay-for-performance contracting, ensuring that water asset management is incentivized. DRIP is presently monitoring the water supplies of about 3 million people in East Africa. This paper presents DRIP's current web-based functionality, which uses several custom and commercial tools, and its applications, including rainfall-adjusted indicators of water pump functionality in Kenya and Ethiopia. Future work includes experimental and statistical characterization of the impact of these capabilities on water security, and the development of forecasting capabilities. This work is supported by NASA, United States Agency for International Development, and the National Science Foundation. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

ACS Style

Evan A. Thomas; Styvers Kathuni; Daniel Wilson; Christian Muragijimana; Taylor Sharpe; Doris Kaberia; Denis Macharia; Asmelash Kebede; Petros Birhane. The Drought Resilience Impact Platform (DRIP): Improving Water Security Through Actionable Water Management Insights. Frontiers in Climate 2020, 2, 1 .

AMA Style

Evan A. Thomas, Styvers Kathuni, Daniel Wilson, Christian Muragijimana, Taylor Sharpe, Doris Kaberia, Denis Macharia, Asmelash Kebede, Petros Birhane. The Drought Resilience Impact Platform (DRIP): Improving Water Security Through Actionable Water Management Insights. Frontiers in Climate. 2020; 2 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan A. Thomas; Styvers Kathuni; Daniel Wilson; Christian Muragijimana; Taylor Sharpe; Doris Kaberia; Denis Macharia; Asmelash Kebede; Petros Birhane. 2020. "The Drought Resilience Impact Platform (DRIP): Improving Water Security Through Actionable Water Management Insights." Frontiers in Climate 2, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The safe management of fecal sludge (FS) relies on different treatments, processes, and disposal options in different contexts. Waste transfer stations can improve FS management particularly in resource-constrained areas, including low-income urban informal settlements, by providing a safe discharge and treatment location. Low-footprint options for FS treatment are sensitive to the characteristics of incoming FS, which are typically highly variable, difficult to predict, and differ significantly from the characteristics of traditional wastewater. The success of low-footprint technologies relies on the monitoring of incoming FS characteristics, such as total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. Monitoring the characteristics of incoming FS typically relies on the use of a laboratory, which can be expensive and time-consuming, particularly in resource-constrained areas. Useful correlations between easy to measure parameters and difficult to measure parameters may provide useful information related to the monitoring of FS, while reducing the need for laboratory analysis. In this paper, we describe a sampling campaign at a waste transfer station in Nairobi, Kenya managed by Sanergy Inc., to characterize and observe settling behavior of FS collected from manually emptied pit latrines. The investigation found that easy to measure parameters (e.g., TS, turbidity) could be used to approximate difficult to measure parameters (COD, TSS). Additionally, rapid measurements (turbidity) could be used to approximate time-intensive parameters (TS, COD, TSS) to aid in the design, operation and monitoring of FS treatment facilities in resource and space-constrained areas.

ACS Style

Katherine Junglen; Leandra Rhodes-Dicker; Barbara J. Ward; Emily Gitau; Wali Mwalugongo; Lindsay Stradley; Evan Thomas. Characterization and Prediction of Fecal Sludge Parameters and Settling Behavior in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9040 .

AMA Style

Katherine Junglen, Leandra Rhodes-Dicker, Barbara J. Ward, Emily Gitau, Wali Mwalugongo, Lindsay Stradley, Evan Thomas. Characterization and Prediction of Fecal Sludge Parameters and Settling Behavior in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9040.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katherine Junglen; Leandra Rhodes-Dicker; Barbara J. Ward; Emily Gitau; Wali Mwalugongo; Lindsay Stradley; Evan Thomas. 2020. "Characterization and Prediction of Fecal Sludge Parameters and Settling Behavior in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9040.

Research article
Published: 26 October 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Trail bridges can improve access to critical services such as health care, schools, and markets. In order to evaluate the impact of trail bridges in rural Rwanda, it is helpful to objectively know how and when they are being used. In this study, we deployed motion-activated digital cameras across several trail bridges installed by the non-profit Bridges to Prosperity. We conducted and validated manual counting of bridge use to establish a ground truth. We adapted an open source computer vision algorithm to identify and count bridge use reflected in the digital images. We found a reliable correlation with less than 3% error bias of bridge crossings per hour between manual counting and those sites at which the cameras logged short video clips. We applied this algorithm across 186 total days of observation at four sites in fall 2019, and observed a total of 33,800 daily bridge crossings ranging from about 20 to over 1,100 individual uses per day, with no apparent correlation between daily or total weekly rainfall and bridge use, potentially indicating that transportation behaviors, after a bridge is installed, are no longer impacted by rainfall conditions. Higher bridge use was observed in the late afternoons, on market and church days, and roughly equal use of the bridge crossings in each direction. These trends are consistent with the design-intent of these bridges.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas; Sally Gerster; Lambert Mugabo; Huguens Jean; Tim Oates. Computer vision supported pedestrian tracking: A demonstration on trail bridges in rural Rwanda. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0241379 .

AMA Style

Evan Thomas, Sally Gerster, Lambert Mugabo, Huguens Jean, Tim Oates. Computer vision supported pedestrian tracking: A demonstration on trail bridges in rural Rwanda. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (10):e0241379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas; Sally Gerster; Lambert Mugabo; Huguens Jean; Tim Oates. 2020. "Computer vision supported pedestrian tracking: A demonstration on trail bridges in rural Rwanda." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10: e0241379.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2020 in World Development
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Universal access to safe drinking water will require an investment of over $140 billion in capital expenditures to meet the targets set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The World Bank estimates that recurring operations and maintenance costs for basic water and sanitation (WASH) services will rise from about $4 billion to over $30 billion per year by 2030, significantly outweighing capital costs for basic WASH services. Yet, available funding from regional, national and international sources regularly prioritizes capital investment in new water infrastructure, leading to significant unfunded operation and maintenance mandates for service providers operating in low-income settings where consumer payments cannot practically cover operating costs. Capital maintenance is deferred, leading to poor utility financial performance and decreased service for water customers. In this paper, we present indicative funding models, valuation of existing assets, and expenditures of four medium-sized urban water utilities in low, middle, and high-income communities representing a broad range of operating contexts. Yet we find common operating challenges. None of the four utilities are spending enough on capital maintenance to sustain service levels, and we find that the gap between the life cycle costs of water service delivery and associated revenues of water services ranges from $1 to $17 per customer each year. Discounting life cycle costs by service and coverage levels further widens the funding gap. All utilities would need additional funding to reach universal access with full coverage of life cycle costs, ranging from 6% of budgets to nearly 8 times current funding levels. This would not be economically or politically feasible through tariffs alone, which are already currently subsidized in all contexts. The contribution of progressive tax monies to subsidize services is taken for granted in high-income contexts and unavailable in poorer ones that must rely on insufficient and irregular foreign aid or national budget allocations in strained economies. These findings contrast with a commonly shared view in the global development sector that local or at minimum regional financial sustainability of water supplies is achievable. Consequently, our findings suggest that national governments and international donors should acknowledge that long term support of local water service delivery is both necessary, appropriate, and likely more cost-effective than current funding models.

ACS Style

Anna Libey; Marieke Adank; Evan Thomas. Who pays for water? Comparing life cycle costs of water services among several low, medium and high-income utilities. World Development 2020, 136, 105155 .

AMA Style

Anna Libey, Marieke Adank, Evan Thomas. Who pays for water? Comparing life cycle costs of water services among several low, medium and high-income utilities. World Development. 2020; 136 ():105155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Libey; Marieke Adank; Evan Thomas. 2020. "Who pays for water? Comparing life cycle costs of water services among several low, medium and high-income utilities." World Development 136, no. : 105155.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Sustainability
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To address the complex challenge of sustaining basic water and sanitation services in low income settings, international organizations and local and national government entities are beginning to design and implement interventions explicitly aimed at addressing system weaknesses. Often referred to as “systems approaches,” these interventions seek to understand, engage with, and positively influence the network of actors and the interacting factors that deliver services. As WASH sector assistance and support activities shift toward systems approaches, many associated intermediate results and desired outcomes become less quantifiable than those of more traditional WASH activities. This paper reviews systems approaches, evaluation methodologies, and several applications in East Africa, at varying geographic scales. Early findings from the application of outcome mapping and system-wide assessments within the USAID-funded Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership (SWS) indicate the importance of including both within an overall monitoring approach to support systems strengthening of water and sanitation services. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development, or the U.S. Government.

ACS Style

Daniel Hollander; Brittany Ajroud; Evan Thomas; Shawn Peabody; Elizabeth Jordan; Amy Javernick-Will; Karl Linden. Monitoring Methods for Systems-Strengthening Activities Toward Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Low-Income Settings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7044 .

AMA Style

Daniel Hollander, Brittany Ajroud, Evan Thomas, Shawn Peabody, Elizabeth Jordan, Amy Javernick-Will, Karl Linden. Monitoring Methods for Systems-Strengthening Activities Toward Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Low-Income Settings. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Hollander; Brittany Ajroud; Evan Thomas; Shawn Peabody; Elizabeth Jordan; Amy Javernick-Will; Karl Linden. 2020. "Monitoring Methods for Systems-Strengthening Activities Toward Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Low-Income Settings." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7044.

Critical review
Published: 19 August 2020 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.

ACS Style

Frederick G. B. Goddard; Radu Ban; Dana Boyd Barr; Joe Brown; Jennifer Cannon; John M. Colford; Joseph N. S. Eisenberg; Ayse Ercumen; Helen Petach; Matthew C. Freeman; Karen Levy; Stephen P. Luby; Christine Moe; Amy J. Pickering; Jeremy A. Sarnat; Jill R Stewart; Evan A. Thomas; Mami Taniuchi; Thomas F. Clasen. Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 11673 -11691.

AMA Style

Frederick G. B. Goddard, Radu Ban, Dana Boyd Barr, Joe Brown, Jennifer Cannon, John M. Colford, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg, Ayse Ercumen, Helen Petach, Matthew C. Freeman, Karen Levy, Stephen P. Luby, Christine Moe, Amy J. Pickering, Jeremy A. Sarnat, Jill R Stewart, Evan A. Thomas, Mami Taniuchi, Thomas F. Clasen. Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (19):11673-11691.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frederick G. B. Goddard; Radu Ban; Dana Boyd Barr; Joe Brown; Jennifer Cannon; John M. Colford; Joseph N. S. Eisenberg; Ayse Ercumen; Helen Petach; Matthew C. Freeman; Karen Levy; Stephen P. Luby; Christine Moe; Amy J. Pickering; Jeremy A. Sarnat; Jill R Stewart; Evan A. Thomas; Mami Taniuchi; Thomas F. Clasen. 2020. "Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 19: 11673-11691.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Heather Fleming is the founder of Catapult Design, a nonprofit design firm that “drives services for socially driven clients.” Heather was born on the Navajo Nation and grew up a few miles away from the reservation with her family. A graduate of Stanford University’s product design program, Heather has dedicated her career to product and service design to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods globally. Heather’s career has reflected the challenges in developing products and services designed to address poverty, as described in Chap. 1.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Heather Fleming. Urban Ecology 2020, 49 -54.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Heather Fleming. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():49-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Heather Fleming." Urban Ecology , no. : 49-54.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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This chapter presents the field of Global Engineering, and identifies that engineers should be concerned with the unequal and unjust distribution of access to basic services, such as water, sanitation, energy, food, transportation, and shelter, and as engineers we should place an emphasis on identifying the drivers, determinants, and solutions to increasing equitable access to reliable services. Engineers must become activists and advocates, leveraging our professional skills and capacity to generate evidence and positive impact toward rectifying inequalities and improving lives. Engineers must reject the ahistorical, technocratic and neo-colonial conceit that poverty can be solved through products or projects, or on a community scale that requires the poorest people to overcome historical and structural inequalities and injustices. Global Engineering envisions a world where everyone has safe water, sanitation, energy, food, shelter, and infrastructure, and can live in health, dignity, and prosperity. This chapter adapts and updates the 2019 publication in Sustainability, “Toward a New Field of Global Engineering” (Thomas 2019).

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. What Is Global Engineering? Urban Ecology 2020, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. What Is Global Engineering? Urban Ecology. 2020; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "What Is Global Engineering?" Urban Ecology , no. : 1-19.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Doris Kaberia is a Kenyan expert in food security and pastoral livelihoods. She has worked with Kenyan and international partners to improve food security, drought resilience, and economic prosperity, most recently as the leader of a large-scale development program in northern Kenya. Doris’ work is also shared in Chap. 3.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Doris Kaberia. Urban Ecology 2020, 69 -75.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Doris Kaberia. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():69-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Doris Kaberia." Urban Ecology , no. : 69-75.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Petros Birhane, is an Ethiopian agricultural engineer and disaster relief expert. He has worked in Ethiopia, South Sudan, Pakistan, and Indonesia helping communities to recover from natural disasters including tsunamis and droughts. He is now the leader of an internationally funded effort to improve basic water and sanitation access in the lowlands of Ethiopia. Petros’ work is also shared in Chap. 3.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Petros Birhane. Urban Ecology 2020, 77 -80.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Petros Birhane. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():77-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Petros Birhane." Urban Ecology , no. : 77-80.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Avery Bang is an American civil engineer, dedicated to leveraging engineering and social business toward reducing rural isolation. She has travelled to over 80 countries as the President and CEO of Bridges to Prosperity (B2P), a Denver-based non-profit that designs and builds pedestrian footbridges. Avery has mobilized capital toward reducing rural isolation and poverty, using innovative financing and engineering approaches, described in Chap. 1.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Avery Bang. Urban Ecology 2020, 63 -67.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Avery Bang. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():63-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Avery Bang." Urban Ecology , no. : 63-67.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Chantal Iribagiza was born in Rusizi in the far southwest corner of Rwanda. At a very young age, Chantal already knew that she wanted to become a development professional, having been inspired by SNV, a Dutch foreign aid agency that built homes in Rwanda. Chantal earned her engineering degree in Rwanda, has worked as an engineering with Living Water International, the World Bank, and the University of Colorado around the world on rural water services. Chantal’s career has included innovating new methods to monitor rural water supplies, as described in Chaps. 1 and 3.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Chantal Iribagiza. Urban Ecology 2020, 55 -58.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Chantal Iribagiza. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():55-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Chantal Iribagiza." Urban Ecology , no. : 55-58.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Jean Ntazinda is a Rwandese development professional, working with national and international non-profits, companies, and governments to bring innovative financing and technical solutions to Rwanda. Jean’s career has included helping to develop a nationwide health program in Rwanda, described in detail in Chap. 2.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Jean Ntazinda. Urban Ecology 2020, 59 -62.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Jean Ntazinda. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():59-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Jean Ntazinda." Urban Ecology , no. : 59-62.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Measurement and feedback are increasingly being incorporated into global engineering and development financing and programming. Within this ecosystem, there is room to incorporate near-time measurement of program, product, and service performance, and feed these measures back to responsible parties in a way that enables iterative testing and improvement. This chapter presents a history of feedback approaches, and reviews case studies in using instrumentation to support improved global development program deployments.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Measuring Progress and Performance in Global Engineering. Urban Ecology 2020, 29 -45.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Measuring Progress and Performance in Global Engineering. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():29-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Measuring Progress and Performance in Global Engineering." Urban Ecology , no. : 29-45.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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Dan Hollander is an American hydrological engineer and former United States Agency for International Development (USAID) foreign service officer. Dan has worked around the world including in the West Bank, helping build peace between Israel and the Palestinians through engineering projects. Dan now leads an international program studying water and sanitation services that is described in Chaps. 1 and 3.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. Dan Hollander. Urban Ecology 2020, 81 -85.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. Dan Hollander. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():81-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "Dan Hollander." Urban Ecology , no. : 81-85.

Chapter
Published: 18 July 2020 in Urban Ecology
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This chapter presents the career path of one global engineer, growing from volunteer international travel to scaling a nationwide health program in Rwanda over 16 years.

ACS Style

Evan Thomas. An Engineer’s Education. Urban Ecology 2020, 21 -27.

AMA Style

Evan Thomas. An Engineer’s Education. Urban Ecology. 2020; ():21-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evan Thomas. 2020. "An Engineer’s Education." Urban Ecology , no. : 21-27.