Introduction: Posture detection is used in various situations such as medical care, surveillance, virtual environment, indoor monitoring, virtual reality for animations and entertainment. The concept of machine learning has experienced great progress in the last two decades, from a curiosity started in the laboratory to a widespread practical technology for commercial use. Objective: The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the use of machine learning algorithms in the medical field for posture recognition. Material and method: Articles were collected from the following databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Research Gate. We included only articles that were written in English, those that were available for download in full text, published after 2010, the year in which the industrialization of the idea of artificial learning began. Articles that did not assess or recognize the posture deficiencies were excluded. Results: A total of 55 articles were eligible for the study. Following the inclusion criteria, and after sorting, using the exclusion criteria, a number of 16 articles remained to be analyzed, presented and discussed. Conclusions: After the analysis of the articles included in this study, it can be concluded that using machine learning we can obtain very good results with high accuracy for posture recognition.

Introduction: The posture of the body in space is influenced by information from outside and inside the human body. The eye has a dual role being both an exteroceptor and an enteroceptor. Exteroception is achieved through peripheral vision and proprioception is related to the activity of the extrinsic muscles of the eyes and the oculo-cephalo-gyrus pathways. Therefore, the visual analyzer can influence the posture through refractive disorders (myopia, hypermetropia or astigmatism) or blindness, but also through convergence disorders and heterophoria. Purpose: The present study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the influence of the visual analyzer in maintaining the correct posture of the body. Material and method: Search engines Google Scholar as well as Frontiers, BioMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched using keywords on the desired topic and 53 articles were found. After inclusion criteria were applied (studies from the last 15 years, full articles, studies using cohorts of subjects or case studies), 20 articles were chosen for analysis. Results: In the 20 articles chosen for the study, blind participants were discussed, healthy subjects whose response to different visual stimuli was analyzed or subjects with different visual impairments who were investigated to maintain balance and correct body posture in different conditions. Conclusions: After analyzing the 20 articles, we came to the conclusion that the visual analyzer influences balance and can produce changes in body posture in space. Improving the function of the visual analyzer can be achieved through specific exercises, various surgical interventions or balancing performed by specialists such as aophthalmologist doctor, physiotherapist or posturologist.

Background/Objectives: Spine mobility is essential for overall health and daily functioning. Accurate assessment of spinal mobility is necessary for diagnosing and managing orthopedic, neurological, and rheumatological disorders, particularly in patients experiencing lower back and thoracic pain. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of traditional clinical tests in comparison to the innovative photogrammetric 3D posture assessment for evaluating spinal mobility. Methods: A total of 20 patients from a medical clinic underwent tests to measure lumbar and thoracic spine mobility, including flexion, lateral incline, and axial rotation, using both conventional and 3D posture assessment methods. Results: We found strong correlations between investigated methods, which recommends photogrammetry as a reliable and effective tool for assessing posture in clinical practice. Furthermore, 3D posture assessment offers a faster approach (clinical evaluation: 2:59 ± 0.22 min vs. photogrammetry: 1:03 ± 0.01 min) and a more practical method for assessing spinal mobility, thereby enhancing the patient experience and providing clinicians with objective data for treatment planning. Conclusions: The study highlights the value of modern technologies in clinical assessment and therapeutic intervention, encouraging therapists to integrate photogrammetric methods into their daily practice to improve patient outcomes.

Introduction: Short distance running is part of the maximum intensity cycling exercises, consisting of combined efforts, each step being performed as a result of a complete impulse, characterized by covering a certain distance in a shorter time. Objective: This study aims to follow the development of power for the start in short distance speed trials. Material and method: A 26-year-old male athlete, who has been practicing athletics for 14 years, participated in the study, based on the 100-meter flat sprint. The pre-test was performed before the preparation period, the intermediate test after one, two and three mesocycles (months) and the final test after the fourth mesocycle (after 4 months). The evaluations followed the strength with which 4 exercises were performed (deadlift, clean, power clean and squat) of 6 repetitions each. At the same time, the length of the distance covered in the first three steps from the start was followed. During the four mesocycles, the athlete participated in specific strength development training. Results: Following the training program for the development of lower limb power, execution speed and lower limb strength, statistically significant results were observed in 2 of the 4 exercises performed in the evaluations. Regarding the jumped step starting from the two different positions, an evolution was observed reaching from the length of 5.24m to 6.44m in the first variant, and from 5.31m to 5.93m in the second variant. In both cases, the execution time of the three steps increased, reaching the value of 1.85s, respectively 1.49s. Conclusions: Following the results obtained in the five evaluations, we notice that the training program was developed efficiently and that the results improved in most of the evaluation tests.

Introduction: Short distance running is part of the maximum intensity cycling exercises, consisting of combined efforts, each step being performed as a result of a complete impulse, characterized by covering a distance in a shorter time. Objective: This study aims to follow the development of power for the start in short distance speed trials. Material and method: A 26-year-old male athlete, who has been practicing athletics for 14 years, participated in the study, based on the 100-meter flat sprint. The pre-test was performed before the preparation period, the intermediate test after one mesocycle (one month) and the final test after the second mesocycle (after 2 months). The evaluations followed the strength with which 4 exercises were performed (deadlift, clean, power clean and squat) of 6 repetitions each. At the same time, the length of the distance covered in the first three steps from the start was followed. During the two mesocycles, the athlete participated in specific strength development training. Results: After the two-month training period, statistically significant (p<0,05) improvements were observed in 3 of the 4 exercises, with clean improving from 575 W to 626 W, with deadlift from 560 W to 670 W, and at squat from 422 W it reached 676 W. Regarding the result obtained at power clean, an improvement was observed from 556 W to 557 W, statistically insignificant (p = 0.48). At the triple step, there were improvements both when starting with both feet at the same level and when starting with one foot before. Conclusions: Following the results obtained in the three evaluations, we notice that the training program was developed efficiently and that the results improved in all the evaluation tests.

Background and Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) scanning is increasingly utilized in medical practice, from orthotics to surgical planning. However, traditional hand measurement techniques remain inconsistent and prone to human error and are often time-consuming. This research evaluates the practicality of a commercial 3D scanning method by comparing the accuracy of scans conducted by two user groups. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the following two groups: an experimental group (n = 45) and a control group (n = 42). A total of 261 hand scans were captured using the Structure Sensor Pro 3D scanner for iPad (Structure, Boulder, CO, USA). The scans were then evaluated using Meshmixer software (version 3.5.474), analyzing key parameters, such as surface area, volume, number of vertices, and triangles, etc. Furthermore, a digital literacy test and a user experience survey were conducted to support a more comprehensive evaluation of participant performance within the study. Results: The experimental group outperformed the control group on all measured parameters, including surface area, volume, vertices, triangle, and gap count, with large effect sizes observed. User experience data revealed that participants in the experimental group rated the 3D scanner significantly higher across all dimensions, particularly in ease of use, excitement, supportiveness, and practicality. Conclusions: A short 15 min training session can promote scan reliability, demonstrating that even minimal instruction improves users’ proficiency in 3D scanning, fundamental for supporting clinical accuracy in diagnosis, surgical planning, and personalized device manufacturing