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Electrokinetics (EK) was applied to enhance biodegradation of toluene in the low hydraulic conductivity (K) zone of a physically heterogeneous water-saturated granular porous media. The hypothesis tested was that EK transport processes, which operate independently of advection, can deliver a limiting amendment, nitrate, across a high-K–low-K boundary to stimulate bioremediation. Two types of experiment were evaluated: (1) bench-scale tests that represented the active EK system and physically heterogeneous sediment configuration; (2) microcosms that represented biodegradation in the bench-scale tests under ideal conditions. The bench-scale experiment results showed a rapid decrease in toluene concentration during the application of EK that was attributed to electroosmotic removal from low-K zones. Comparison of toluene removal rates by electroosmosis and biodegradation (microcosm) confirmed that electroosmosis was the most effective mechanism under the conditions evaluated. Overall, this work challenges the original hypothesis and indicates that, at the field scale, the most favourable conditions for biodegradation are likely to be achieved by applying EK to increase contaminant flux across the low-K–high-K boundary (out of the low-K zone) and allowing biodegradation to occur in the high-K zone either by natural attenuation or enhanced by amendment addition. Supplementary material: Supplementary material is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5174554
Richard Thomas Gill; Steven Thornton; Michael J. Harbottle; Jonathan W. N. Smith. Electrokinetic-enhanced removal of toluene from physically heterogeneous granular porous media. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2020, 54, 1 .
AMA StyleRichard Thomas Gill, Steven Thornton, Michael J. Harbottle, Jonathan W. N. Smith. Electrokinetic-enhanced removal of toluene from physically heterogeneous granular porous media. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2020; 54 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Thomas Gill; Steven Thornton; Michael J. Harbottle; Jonathan W. N. Smith. 2020. "Electrokinetic-enhanced removal of toluene from physically heterogeneous granular porous media." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 3: 1.
Jonathan W. N. Smith. Book review. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2019, 52, 571 -571.
AMA StyleJonathan W. N. Smith. Book review. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2019; 52 (4):571-571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan W. N. Smith. 2019. "Book review." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 52, no. 4: 571-571.
Sustainable remediation concepts have evolved during the decade 2007–2017. From the establishment of the first Sustainable Remediation forum (SURF) in 2007, to publication of ASTM and ISO standards by 2017. Guidance has been developed around the world to reflect local regulatory systems, and much has been learned in applying sustainability assessment to contaminated site management projects. In the best examples, significant improvements in project sustainability have been delivered, including concurrent reduction of the environmental footprint of the remediation program, improved social performance, and cost savings and/or value creation. The initial advocates for the concept of sustainable remediation were quickly supported by early adopters who saw its potential to improve the remediation industry's performance, but they also had to overcome some inertia and scepticism from other parties. During the debates and discussions that occurred at numerous international conferences and SURF workshops around the world, various opinions were formed and positions stated. Some proved to be correct, others not so. With the recent publication of ISO Standard 18504 and the benefit of a decade's‐worth of hindsight on sustainable remediation programs implementation and project delivery, this paper summarizes a number of myths and misunderstandings that have been stated regarding sustainable remediation and seeks to debunk them. Sustainable remediation assessment shows us how to manage unacceptable risks to human health and the environment in the best, that is to say the most sustainable, way. It provides the contaminated land management industry a framework to incorporate sustainable development principles into remediation projects and deliver significant value for affected parties and society more broadly. In dispelling some myths about sustainable remediation set out in this paper, it is hoped that consistent application of ISO18504/SuRF‐UK (or equivalently robust guidance) will facilitate even wider use of sustainable remediation around the world.
Jonathan W. N. Smith. Debunking myths about sustainable remediation. Remediation Journal 2019, 29, 7 -15.
AMA StyleJonathan W. N. Smith. Debunking myths about sustainable remediation. Remediation Journal. 2019; 29 (2):7-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan W. N. Smith. 2019. "Debunking myths about sustainable remediation." Remediation Journal 29, no. 2: 7-15.
Sustainability considerations have become widely recognised in contaminated land management and are now accepted as an important component of remediation planning and implementation around the world. The Sustainable Remediation Forum for the UK (SuRF-UK) published guidance on sustainability criteria for consideration in drawing up (or framing) assessments, organised across 15 “headline” categories, five for the environment element of sustainability, five for the social, and five for the economic. This paper describes how the SuRF-UK indicator guidance was developed, and the rationale behind its structure and approach. It describes its use in remediation option appraisal in the UK, and reviews the international papers that have applied or reviewed it. It then reviews the lessons learned from its initial use and the opinions and findings of international commentators, and concludes with recommendations on how the indicator categories might be further refined in the future. The key findings of this review are that the SuRF-UK framework and indicator guidance is well adopted into practice in the UK. It is widely recognised as the most appropriate mechanism to support sustainability-based decision making in contaminated land decision making. It has influenced the development of other national and international guidance and standards on sustainable remediation. However, there is room for some fine tuning of approach based on the lessons learned during its application.
R. Bardos; Hayley Thomas; Jonathan Smith; Nicola Harries; Frank Evans; Richard Boyle; Trevor Howard; Richard Lewis; Alan Thomas; Angela Haslam. The Development and Use of Sustainability Criteria in SuRF-UK’s Sustainable Remediation Framework. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1781 .
AMA StyleR. Bardos, Hayley Thomas, Jonathan Smith, Nicola Harries, Frank Evans, Richard Boyle, Trevor Howard, Richard Lewis, Alan Thomas, Angela Haslam. The Development and Use of Sustainability Criteria in SuRF-UK’s Sustainable Remediation Framework. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Bardos; Hayley Thomas; Jonathan Smith; Nicola Harries; Frank Evans; Richard Boyle; Trevor Howard; Richard Lewis; Alan Thomas; Angela Haslam. 2018. "The Development and Use of Sustainability Criteria in SuRF-UK’s Sustainable Remediation Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1781.
Alan O. Thomas; Maureen C. Leahy; Jonathan W. N. Smith; Mike J. Spence. Natural attenuation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in soil and groundwater. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2017, 50, 301 -317.
AMA StyleAlan O. Thomas, Maureen C. Leahy, Jonathan W. N. Smith, Mike J. Spence. Natural attenuation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in soil and groundwater. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2017; 50 (3):301-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlan O. Thomas; Maureen C. Leahy; Jonathan W. N. Smith; Mike J. Spence. 2017. "Natural attenuation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in soil and groundwater." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 50, no. 3: 301-317.
The scale of land-contamination problems, and of the responses to them, makes achieving sustainability in contaminated land remediation an important objective. The Sustainable Remediation Forum in the UK (SuRF-UK) was established in 2007 to support more sustainable remediation practice in the UK. The current international interest in ‘sustainable remediation’ has achieved a fairly rapid consensus on concepts, descriptions and definitions for sustainable remediation, which are now being incorporated into an ISO standard. However the sustainability assessment methods being used remain diverse with a range of (mainly) semi-quantitative and quantitative approaches and tools developed, or in development. Sustainability assessment is site specific and subjective. It depends on the inclusion of a wide range of considerations across different stakeholder perspectives. Taking a tiered approach to sustainability assessment offers important advantages, starting from a qualitative assessment and moving through to semi-quantitative and quantitative assessments on an ‘as required’ basis only. It is also clear that there are a number of ‘easy wins’ that could improve performance against sustainability criteria right across the site management process. SuRF-UK has provided a checklist of ‘sustainable management practices’ that describes some of these. This paper provides the rationale for, and an outline of, and recently published SuRF-UK guidance on preparing for and framing sustainability assessments; carrying out qualitative sustainability assessment; and simple good management practices to improve sustainability across contaminated land management activities.
R. Paul Bardos; Brian D. Bone; Richard Boyle; Frank Evans; Nicola D. Harries; Trevor Howard; Jonathan W.N. Smith. The rationale for simple approaches for sustainability assessment and management in contaminated land practice. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 563-564, 755 -768.
AMA StyleR. Paul Bardos, Brian D. Bone, Richard Boyle, Frank Evans, Nicola D. Harries, Trevor Howard, Jonathan W.N. Smith. The rationale for simple approaches for sustainability assessment and management in contaminated land practice. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 563-564 ():755-768.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Paul Bardos; Brian D. Bone; Richard Boyle; Frank Evans; Nicola D. Harries; Trevor Howard; Jonathan W.N. Smith. 2016. "The rationale for simple approaches for sustainability assessment and management in contaminated land practice." Science of The Total Environment 563-564, no. : 755-768.
This study investigates and quantifies the influence of physical heterogeneity in granular porous media, represented by materials with different hydraulic conductivity, on the migration of nitrate, used as an amendment to enhance bioremediation, under an electric field. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a bench-scale test cell under a low applied direct current using glass bead and clay mixes and synthetic groundwater to represent ideal conditions. The experiments included bromide tracer tests in homogeneous settings to deduce controls on electrokinetic transport of inorganic solutes in the different materials, and comparison of nitrate migration under homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios. The results indicate that physical heterogeneity of subsurface materials, represented by a contrast between a higher-hydraulic conductivity and lower-hydraulic conductivity material normal to the direction of the applied electric field exerts the following controls on nitrate migration: (1) a spatial change in nitrate migration rate due to changes in effective ionic mobility and subsequent accumulation of nitrate at the interface between these materials; and (2) a spatial change in the voltage gradient distribution across the hydraulic conductivity contrast, due to the inverse relationship with effective ionic mobility. These factors will contribute to higher mass transport of nitrate through low hydraulic conductivity zones in heterogeneous porous media, relative to homogeneous host materials. Overall electrokinetic migration of amendments such as nitrate can be increased in heterogeneous granular porous media to enhance the in situ bioremediation of organic contaminants present in low hydraulic conductivity zones.
Richard T. Gill; Steven F. Thornton; Michael J. Harbottle; Jonathan W.N. Smith. Electrokinetic Migration of Nitrate Through Heterogeneous Granular Porous Media. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 2015, 35, 46 -56.
AMA StyleRichard T. Gill, Steven F. Thornton, Michael J. Harbottle, Jonathan W.N. Smith. Electrokinetic Migration of Nitrate Through Heterogeneous Granular Porous Media. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation. 2015; 35 (3):46-56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard T. Gill; Steven F. Thornton; Michael J. Harbottle; Jonathan W.N. Smith. 2015. "Electrokinetic Migration of Nitrate Through Heterogeneous Granular Porous Media." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 35, no. 3: 46-56.
Richard L. Bowers; Jonathan W. N. Smith. Constituents of potential concern for human health risk assessment of petroleum fuel releases. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2014, 47, 363 -372.
AMA StyleRichard L. Bowers, Jonathan W. N. Smith. Constituents of potential concern for human health risk assessment of petroleum fuel releases. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2014; 47 (4):363-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard L. Bowers; Jonathan W. N. Smith. 2014. "Constituents of potential concern for human health risk assessment of petroleum fuel releases." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 47, no. 4: 363-372.
Cost-benefit analysis can be used to identify the optimum remedial strategy for contaminated groundwater, but requires that the benefits of remedial action be quantified. When the groundwater is located in an unused part of an aquifer, it can be difficult to estimate the economic loss of resource. ‘Option values’, which represent the value placed on groundwater for possible future use, may be used. Calculation of the overall loss requires consideration of the spatial (physical) extent of an aquifer where groundwater use is constrained by the presence of contamination and economic elements. An approach is presented for estimating the spatial element, represented as the annualised abstraction loss from the groundwater resource. Two distinct components have been identified based on the potential restriction on location of a new abstraction well: (1) the direct resource loss, which relates to the contaminated zone of the aquifer within which new abstraction is no longer an option, and, (2) the indirect location loss, which relates to the loss of an opportunity to site a new abstraction well in the surrounding uncontaminated aquifer due to the presence of the plume. Methods are presented for their calculation and the approach is illustrated with a case study.
T. W. Bartlett; J. W. N. Smith; P. E. Hardisty. Quantifying the loss of available groundwater resource associated with point-source contamination in unused aquifers. Hydrogeology Journal 2014, 22, 749 -759.
AMA StyleT. W. Bartlett, J. W. N. Smith, P. E. Hardisty. Quantifying the loss of available groundwater resource associated with point-source contamination in unused aquifers. Hydrogeology Journal. 2014; 22 (4):749-759.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. W. Bartlett; J. W. N. Smith; P. E. Hardisty. 2014. "Quantifying the loss of available groundwater resource associated with point-source contamination in unused aquifers." Hydrogeology Journal 22, no. 4: 749-759.
J. Cassar; M. G. Winter; B. R. Marker; N. R. G. Walton; D. C. Entwisle; E. N. Bromhead; Jonathan Smith. Introduction to stone in historic buildings: characterization and performance. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2014, 391, 1 -5.
AMA StyleJ. Cassar, M. G. Winter, B. R. Marker, N. R. G. Walton, D. C. Entwisle, E. N. Bromhead, Jonathan Smith. Introduction to stone in historic buildings: characterization and performance. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2014; 391 (1):1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Cassar; M. G. Winter; B. R. Marker; N. R. G. Walton; D. C. Entwisle; E. N. Bromhead; Jonathan Smith. 2014. "Introduction to stone in historic buildings: characterization and performance." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 391, no. 1: 1-5.
Sustainable remediation comprises soil and groundwater risk-management actions that are selected, designed, and operated to maximize net environmental, social, and economic benefit (while assuring protection of human health and safety). This paper describes a benchmarking exercise to comparatively assess potential differences in environmental management decision making resulting from application of different sustainability appraisal tools ranging from simple (qualitative) to more quantitative (multi-criteria and fully monetized cost-benefit analysis), as outlined in the SuRF-UK framework. The appraisal tools were used to rank remedial options for risk management of a subsurface petroleum release that occurred at a petrol filling station in central England. The remediation options were benchmarked using a consistent set of soil and groundwater data for each tier of sustainability appraisal. The ranking of remedial options was very similar in all three tiers, and an environmental management decision to select the most sustainable options at tier 1 would have been the same decision at tiers 2 and 3. The exercise showed that, for relatively simple remediation projects, a simple sustainability appraisal led to the same remediation option selection as more complex appraisal, and can be used to reliably inform environmental management decisions on other relatively simple land contamination projects.
Jonathan W. N. Smith; Gavin Kerrison. Benchmarking of Decision-Support Tools Used for Tiered Sustainable Remediation Appraisal. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2013, 224, 1 -11.
AMA StyleJonathan W. N. Smith, Gavin Kerrison. Benchmarking of Decision-Support Tools Used for Tiered Sustainable Remediation Appraisal. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2013; 224 (12):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan W. N. Smith; Gavin Kerrison. 2013. "Benchmarking of Decision-Support Tools Used for Tiered Sustainable Remediation Appraisal." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 224, no. 12: 1-11.
J. Cassar; M. G. Winter; B. R. Marker; E. N. Bromhead; J. W. N. Smith; D. G. Toll; N. R. G. Walton; D. C. Entwisle; T. A. Dijkstra. Introduction to the Stone Cycle and the Conservation of Historic Buildings. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2013, 46, 363 -366.
AMA StyleJ. Cassar, M. G. Winter, B. R. Marker, E. N. Bromhead, J. W. N. Smith, D. G. Toll, N. R. G. Walton, D. C. Entwisle, T. A. Dijkstra. Introduction to the Stone Cycle and the Conservation of Historic Buildings. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2013; 46 (4):363-366.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Cassar; M. G. Winter; B. R. Marker; E. N. Bromhead; J. W. N. Smith; D. G. Toll; N. R. G. Walton; D. C. Entwisle; T. A. Dijkstra. 2013. "Introduction to the Stone Cycle and the Conservation of Historic Buildings." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 46, no. 4: 363-366.
Contaminant fate and transport models used for hydrogeological risk assessment commonly include an assumed constant source concentration to predict downgradient concentrations in groundwater. This assumption is unrealistic in many cases where nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are the contaminant source. In this study the effect of a constant and transient (declining) source term on contaminant plume chemistry and groundwater impacts predicted by a hydrogeological risk assessment model is investigated for the release of dissolved phase constituents from an unleaded petroleum fuel light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). Two transient source models were developed: a mass balance model and an exponential decay model. Both use Raoult's Law to describe the aqueous phase partitioning and depletion of organic compounds from a multicomponent LNAPL source to groundwater. The models were used to estimate the changing LNAPL composition and effective aqueous solubility of six common constituents (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl-tert-butyl-ether, and tert-amyl-methyl-ether) in a representative unleaded petroleum fuel. The predicted source concentrations were then compared with groundwater quality data from a contaminated site. The source concentrations estimated from these models were propagated into a hydrogeological risk assessment model using the Remedial Targets Worksheet v3.1 developed by the Environment Agency of England and Wales. Different groundwater impacts and associated estimates of risk were predicted between the constant and transient source simulations. These are illustrated using simple calculations and established risk assessment methods. The constant-source model predicted higher contaminant concentrations at the compliance point, which also persisted over a much longer duration. Consequently, there was a greater requirement for remedial action estimated using the hydrogeological model in scenarios that assumed a constant-source. This could result in unnecessary remedial action in cases where no unacceptable risk is predicted when a more representative description of a declining source is used.
Steven F. Thornton; Kevin Tobin; Jonathan Smith. Comparison of Constant and Transient-Source Zones on Simulated Contaminant Plume Evolution in Groundwater: Implications for Hydrogeological Risk Assessment. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 2013, 33, 78 -91.
AMA StyleSteven F. Thornton, Kevin Tobin, Jonathan Smith. Comparison of Constant and Transient-Source Zones on Simulated Contaminant Plume Evolution in Groundwater: Implications for Hydrogeological Risk Assessment. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation. 2013; 33 (3):78-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteven F. Thornton; Kevin Tobin; Jonathan Smith. 2013. "Comparison of Constant and Transient-Source Zones on Simulated Contaminant Plume Evolution in Groundwater: Implications for Hydrogeological Risk Assessment." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 33, no. 3: 78-91.
The effects of soil characteristics and oil types as well as the efficacy of two fertilizer formulations and three bioaugmentation packages in improving the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils were assessed as a means of ex situ treatment selection and optimization through seven laboratory microcosm studies. The influence of bioremediation on leaching of oil from the soil was also investigated. The studies demonstrated the benefits of biostimulation to overcome nutrient limitation, as most of the soils were nutrient depleted. The application of both liquid and pelleted slow-release N and P fertilizers increased both the hydrocarbon biodegradation rates (by a factor of 1.4 to 2.9) and the percentage of hydrocarbon mass degraded (by>30% after 12 weeks and 80% after 37 weeks), when compared with the unamended soils. Slow-release fertilizers can be particularly useful when multiple liquid applications are not practical or cost-effective. Bioaugmentation products containing inoculum plus fertilizer also increased biodegradation by 20% to 37% compared with unamended biotic controls; however, there was no clear evidence of additional benefits due to the inocula, compared with fertilizer alone. Therefore biostimulation is seen as the most cost-effective bioremediation strategy for contaminated soils with the levels of crude oil and refined products used in this study. However, site-specific considerations remain essential for establishing the treatability of oil-contaminated soils.
Frederic Coulon; Kirsty J. Brassington; R. Bazin; P. E. Linnet; K. A. Thomas; T. R. Mitchell; Gordon Lethbridge; Jonathan Smith; Simon J. T. Pollard. Effect of fertilizer formulation and bioaugmentation on biodegradation and leaching of crude oils and refined products in soils. Environmental Technology 2012, 33, 1879 -1893.
AMA StyleFrederic Coulon, Kirsty J. Brassington, R. Bazin, P. E. Linnet, K. A. Thomas, T. R. Mitchell, Gordon Lethbridge, Jonathan Smith, Simon J. T. Pollard. Effect of fertilizer formulation and bioaugmentation on biodegradation and leaching of crude oils and refined products in soils. Environmental Technology. 2012; 33 (16):1879-1893.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederic Coulon; Kirsty J. Brassington; R. Bazin; P. E. Linnet; K. A. Thomas; T. R. Mitchell; Gordon Lethbridge; Jonathan Smith; Simon J. T. Pollard. 2012. "Effect of fertilizer formulation and bioaugmentation on biodegradation and leaching of crude oils and refined products in soils." Environmental Technology 33, no. 16: 1879-1893.
K. Daines; R. Dow; G. Lethbridge; J. W. N. Smith; K. H. Den Haan. An analysis of the environmental sensitivity of retail filling station locations across Europe. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2011, 44, 307 -319.
AMA StyleK. Daines, R. Dow, G. Lethbridge, J. W. N. Smith, K. H. Den Haan. An analysis of the environmental sensitivity of retail filling station locations across Europe. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2011; 44 (3):307-319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Daines; R. Dow; G. Lethbridge; J. W. N. Smith; K. H. Den Haan. 2011. "An analysis of the environmental sensitivity of retail filling station locations across Europe." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 44, no. 3: 307-319.
Anne Robertson; J.W.N. Smith; T. Johns; G.S. Proudlove. The distribution and diversity of stygobites in Great Britain: an analysis to inform groundwater management. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2009, 42, 359 -368.
AMA StyleAnne Robertson, J.W.N. Smith, T. Johns, G.S. Proudlove. The distribution and diversity of stygobites in Great Britain: an analysis to inform groundwater management. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2009; 42 (3):359-368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne Robertson; J.W.N. Smith; T. Johns; G.S. Proudlove. 2009. "The distribution and diversity of stygobites in Great Britain: an analysis to inform groundwater management." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 42, no. 3: 359-368.
A classification scheme for pollutant natural attenuation potential at the groundwater–surface water interface is presented, and its predictive power for explaining baseflow river nitrate concentration investigated. Both the classification scheme and statistical analysis are undertaken at Water Framework Directive surface water body scale for England and Wales, in baseflow conditions when relative groundwater contribution to rivers is greatest. The results of multiple regression analyses demonstrate statistically significant relationships between the classification of natural attenuation potential, its component properties, and baseflow river nitrate concentration. Natural attenuation at the groundwater–surface water interface is shown to be a significant control on observed river nitrate concentrations, albeit less influential than land-use descriptors. The results indicate that natural attenuation processes have a measurable impact on baseflow river chemistry at surface water body scale, and that consideration of natural attenuation processes at the groundwater–surface water interface would improve regional and catchment-scale risk prediction, and could help in the design of more sustainable catchment management strategies.
J.W.N. Smith; B.W.J. Surridge; T.H. Haxton; David Lerner. Pollutant attenuation at the groundwater–surface water interface: A classification scheme and statistical analysis using national-scale nitrate data. Journal of Hydrology 2009, 369, 392 -402.
AMA StyleJ.W.N. Smith, B.W.J. Surridge, T.H. Haxton, David Lerner. Pollutant attenuation at the groundwater–surface water interface: A classification scheme and statistical analysis using national-scale nitrate data. Journal of Hydrology. 2009; 369 (3-4):392-402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.W.N. Smith; B.W.J. Surridge; T.H. Haxton; David Lerner. 2009. "Pollutant attenuation at the groundwater–surface water interface: A classification scheme and statistical analysis using national-scale nitrate data." Journal of Hydrology 369, no. 3-4: 392-402.
Biogeochemical processes controlling nitrate attenuation in aquifers are critically reviewed. An understanding of the fate of nitrate in groundwater is vital for managing risks associated with nitrate pollution, and to safeguard groundwater supplies and groundwater-dependent surface waters. Denitrification is focused upon as the dominant nitrate attenuation process in groundwater. As denitrifying bacteria are essentially ubiquitous in the subsurface, the critical limiting factors are oxygen and electron donor concentration and availability. Variability in other environmental conditions such as nitrate concentration, nutrient availability, pH, temperature, presence of toxins and microbial acclimation appears to be less important, exerting only secondary influences on denitrification rates. Other nitrate depletion mechanisms such as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and assimilation of nitrate into microbial biomass are unlikely to be important in most subsurface settings relative to denitrification. Further research is recommended to improve current understanding on the influence of organic carbon, sulphur and iron electron donors, physical restrictions on microbial activity in dual porosity aquifers, influences of environmental condition (e.g. pH in poorly buffered environments and salinity in coastal or salinized soil settings), co-contaminant influences (particularly the contrasting inhibitory and electron donor influences of pesticides) and improved quantification of denitrification rates in the laboratory and field.
Michael O. Rivett; Stephen R. Buss; Philip Morgan; Jonathan Smith; Chrystina D. Bemment. Nitrate attenuation in groundwater: A review of biogeochemical controlling processes. Water Research 2008, 42, 4215 -4232.
AMA StyleMichael O. Rivett, Stephen R. Buss, Philip Morgan, Jonathan Smith, Chrystina D. Bemment. Nitrate attenuation in groundwater: A review of biogeochemical controlling processes. Water Research. 2008; 42 (16):4215-4232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael O. Rivett; Stephen R. Buss; Philip Morgan; Jonathan Smith; Chrystina D. Bemment. 2008. "Nitrate attenuation in groundwater: A review of biogeochemical controlling processes." Water Research 42, no. 16: 4215-4232.
M.O. Rivett; Jonathan Smith; S.R. Buss; P. Morgan. Nitrate occurrence and attenuation in the major aquifers of England and Wales. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2007, 40, 335 -352.
AMA StyleM.O. Rivett, Jonathan Smith, S.R. Buss, P. Morgan. Nitrate occurrence and attenuation in the major aquifers of England and Wales. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2007; 40 (4):335-352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.O. Rivett; Jonathan Smith; S.R. Buss; P. Morgan. 2007. "Nitrate occurrence and attenuation in the major aquifers of England and Wales." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 40, no. 4: 335-352.
Susan M. Hodgson; Jonathan W. N. Smith. Building a research agenda on water policy: an exploration of the Water Framework Directive as an interdisciplinary problem. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 2007, 32, 187 -202.
AMA StyleSusan M. Hodgson, Jonathan W. N. Smith. Building a research agenda on water policy: an exploration of the Water Framework Directive as an interdisciplinary problem. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 2007; 32 (3):187-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusan M. Hodgson; Jonathan W. N. Smith. 2007. "Building a research agenda on water policy: an exploration of the Water Framework Directive as an interdisciplinary problem." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 32, no. 3: 187-202.