Interest in piperazine scaffolds continues to rise due to their broad relevance across anti‐infective, anticancer, and neuroactive research. This review examines reports published from 2014 to 2024 and organizes current developments by therapeutic class, structural modification strategy, and computational assessment. Substitution patterns involving aryl, heterocyclic, and hybrid groups show consistent effects on target affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Several series demonstrate strong activity in early biological evaluation, supported by docking and pharmacodynamic trends that highlight recurring structural motifs. Synthetic approaches, including N ‐functionalization, reductive routes, cross‐coupling, CH activation, microwave‐assisted reactions, and flow‐based methods, provide diverse access to optimized derivatives. Combined interpretation of synthetic, biological, and computational results outlines reproducible structure–property relationships that guide piperazine‐focused design. Future progress is expected to arise from hybrid scaffold engineering, improved strategies for central nervous system delivery, and the integration of predictive machine‐learning methods into lead refinement.

Drought is a major environmental constraint that negatively affects crop germination, seedling establishment, and overall yield. This study presents a sustainable approach to improving wheat productivity under water-deficit conditions through the application of a gellan gum-based hydrogel enriched with the growth stimulant. The hydrogel was synthesized by inducing ionic gelation of gellan gum using potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, forming a robust, cross-linked polymer network. Wheat seeds were coated with one to eight layers of the hydrogel using a sequential dipping and drying process. Optimal seedling performance was achieved with a two-layer coating, balancing sufficient water retention with adequate gas exchange. FTIR spectroscopy and pH analysis confirmed ionic interactions between Kaz-6 and the carboxyl groups of gellan, supporting its stable incorporation within the polymer matrix. Mechanical characterization showed that ammonium sulfate significantly enhanced gel strength and cross-linking density compared to potassium chloride. Laboratory germination assays and greenhouse trials demonstrated that seeds coated with gellan hydrogel containing Kaz-6 showed enhanced germination rates, greater biomass accumulation, and significantly improved drought tolerance—surviving up to 10 days longer than controls under water-limited conditions. These findings highlight the potential of biopolymer-based hydrogels as eco-friendly seed coating materials that can improve crop resilience and productivity in arid environments. The proposed formulation aligns with sustainable agriculture goals and represents a promising direction for future field-scale applications in climate-adaptive farming systems.

Acute pneumonia is frequently accompanied by immune suppression, particularly affecting T-cell subsets, such as CD4⁺, CD4⁺CD25⁺, and CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺, which are critical for immune regulation. This study evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of a novel fluorinated piperazine-based aminophosphonate, complexed with β-cyclodextrin ((o-Fph)PPhβCD), comparing it with the clinically approved agent Polyoxidonium (PO) in a rat model of oleic acid-induced acute pneumonia. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that (o-Fph)PPhβCD significantly restored CD4⁺ and CD4⁺CD25⁺ T-cell levels and induced a sustained reduction in regulatory CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells, suggesting enhanced effector immune activity. While PO provided early immunorestorative effects, (o-Fph)PPhβCD exerted a more prolonged response, which was particularly evident by day 14. Structural confirmation of the inclusion complex was achieved through IR and NMR spectroscopy. These findings highlight (o-Fph)PPhβCD as a promising immunotherapeutic candidate that is capable of rebalancing immune cell populations and supporting host defense mechanisms during acute pulmonary inflammation.

A novel inclusion complex of a fluorinated pyrazolopiperidine derivative (5-benzyl-7-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-2,3-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-pyrazolo [4,3-c]pyridine hydrochloride, PP·HCl) with β-cyclodextrin (PPβCD) was designed, synthesized, and characterized as a potential therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and lymphopenia. Encapsulation of PP within β-cyclodextrin increased aqueous solubility by approximately 3.4-fold and improved dissolution rate by 2.8-fold compared with the free compound. Structural analysis using IR, ^1H/^13C NMR, and TLC confirmed the formation of a stable 1:1 host–guest complex, and the disappearance of free PP signals further supported complete encapsulation. In vivo evaluation in a cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression model demonstrated that PPβCD accelerated hematopoietic recovery, restoring leukocyte and erythrocyte counts 35–40% faster than methyluracil, without any signs of systemic toxicity. These findings indicate that β-cyclodextrin complexation significantly enhances solubility, dissolution, and biological efficacy of the pyrazolopiperidine scaffold, supporting further preclinical development of PPβCD as a supportive therapy for chemotherapy-related hematological complications.

The structure–activity relationship of three oxyphosphonate inhibitors differing in heteroatom type (C, N, S) was examined to clarify their influence on the pitting corrosion resistance of ferritic–martensitic steel EP-450 in chloride media. Gravimetric tests in 10% FeCl₃, supported by surface microscopy and adsorption analysis, showed that EP-450 is highly susceptible to localized attack, with pits nucleating preferentially at carbide-enriched, chromium-depleted regions. Addition of dimethyl(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phosphonate reduced the corrosion rate from 49 to 33 mm/year at 2.0 g/L, corresponding to ≈33% protection, while the nitrogen-containing dimethyl[1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-4-yl]phosphonate produced the largest decrease in mass loss, exceeding a 55% reduction under identical conditions. The sulfur-bearing dimethyl(4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)phosphonate afforded an intermediate effect. Adsorption analysis for the cyclohexyl derivative suggested mixed physisorption–chemisorption with limited surface coverage, while heteroatom substitution (N or S) is consistent with a change in adsorption configuration and interfacial packing that can yield a more compact protective layer. The observed inhibition efficiency increased in the sequence C < S < N, which is interpreted empirically in terms of heteroatom-dependent adsorption geometry and film integrity rather than conjugation-driven activation of the P=O group.

This study characterizes the hydrochemistry and geochemical signature of the Upper Cretaceous geothermal aquifer in the Zharkunak zone (Eastern Ili Depression, SE Kazakhstan) using certified analytical datasets from five deep wells (5539, 1-RT, 3-T, 1-TP, and 2-TP). The waters are hyperthermal (89–103 °C), alkaline (pH 8.1–9.0), and weakly mineralized (TDS 0.3–1.0 g/L), with sodium-dominated facies ranging from Na–HCO₃–SO₄ to Na–SO₄–Cl. Hydrochemical analysis indicates that water–rock interaction and cation exchange are the primary controls on fluid evolution, with limited influence from evaporation or external salinity sources. Elevated fluoride (up to ~10 mg/L) and dissolved silica (H₂SiO₃, often >50 mg/L) reflect prolonged high-temperature interaction with silicate-rich lithologies under low Ca²⁺ conditions. Trace elements and radon activity (up to 0.32 nCi/L) further support deep, fault-controlled circulation pathways. PHREEQC modeling indicates near-equilibrium to slight supersaturation with respect to silica phases, suggesting a potential risk of silica scaling during cooling, while carbonate scaling remains limited. Although the dataset is based on discharge conditions from a limited number of wells, the results demonstrate that the Zharkunak system has strong geothermal utilization potential, with management considerations related to fluoride, radon, and silica scaling. Future work should focus on integrating isotopic analyses and reactive transport modeling to better constrain subsurface processes and long-term system behavior.