In this study, the pollen morphology of 5 species (Trifolium boissieri Guss. ex-Soy. -Will. & Godr., T. dasyurum C.Presl, T. pauciflorum d'Urv., T. scabrum L., and T. spumosum L.) belonging to the genus Trifolium L. from the Fabaceae family, distributed in Şanlıurfa province, was examined with light and electron microscopes. Within the framework of the palynological study, pollen shapes, ornamentations, pore and colpus lengths and widths were determined and their measurements were given. Pollen grains are generally monad in structure, have trizonocolporate aperture, and subprolate to prolate-spheroidal shape. Ornamentation generally shows significant differences in polar and equatorial regions. In the pollen grains examined, perforate, psilate-perforate, and reticulate ornamentation is seen in the polar region, while microreticulate and reticulate ornamentation is dominant in the equatorial region. While the polar axis lengths were determined to be between 38.67-29.19 μm on average, the equatorial axis length was determined to be between 33.79-23.45 μm on average. As a result of the study, it was determined that characters such as pollen shape, pollen size, and surface ornamentation differed among species and these were the characters that could have taxonomic value in the systematic distinction of species.

The increasing prevalence of fungicide-resistant pathogens, exacerbated by global warming and climate-driven changes in forest ecosystems, poses a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security. To address this challenge, we investigated the design of dual-activated fungicides combining SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) and QoI (strobilurin) pharmacophores, alongside microbial bio-fungicides. Novel hybrid structures were generated by merging SDHI and strobilurin moieties and were evaluated through molecular docking simulations against the active sites of fungal plant pathogens. The results demonstrated that the hybrid compounds exhibited more favorable binding energies (more negative ΔG) compared with several commercial fungicides, indicating enhanced inhibitory potential. In parallel, the aromaticity of central rings in the SDHI and strobilurin fragments was quantified using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations, revealing a linear correlation between ring aromaticity and predicted fungicidal activity. This relationship provides a rational framework for predicting the performance of dual-acting fungicides under varying environmental conditions, including temperature, soil pH, and local climate factors. The findings support the central hypothesis that climate-driven increases in fungal resistance can be mitigated by designing dual-activated fungicides with optimized aromaticity, thereby enhancing binding affinity at fungal targets and improving overall inhibitory activity. This approach enables the rational design of climate-adaptive pesticides for fruits and vegetables, combining synthetic and microbial strategies to maintain efficacy against resistant strains while addressing emerging agricultural challenges.

Grape is one of the most widely consumed food sources worldwide and has been under massive research for its health benefits. In this study, we used ethanolic extracts from six different grape cultivars (both white and black grapes) to test their anticancer capacity for Huh7 liver cancer cell line. The findings showed that the grape cultivar species play the role on the cytotoxicity, which was observed as biphasic dose dependent. Based on the findings and the literature, it can be claimed rather than using whole grape extracts, fractionation of the extracts is needed to isolate bioactive compounds due to the fact that flavonoids can serve as cytotoxicity and cytoprotective behaviors depending on their chemistry.

The grapevine has been cultivated in almost every region of the world due to its commercial value and as a spread source of food, all which has allowed diversification of grape types. The distinction of grapevine varieties is usually made by examining their morphological features. However, it is known that anatomical studies are very valuable in plant taxonomy. In this study, the anatomical features of leaf and petiole sections were examined using three set of samples for eight different grapevine varieties (i.e., 'Öküzgözü', 'Narince', 'Syrah', 'Boğazkere', 'Kalecik Karası', 'Viognier', 'Malbec' and 'Sauvignon Blanch') grown in the vineyards of Toklümen village in the center of Kırşehir Province. Leaf blade sections are generally seen to consist of upper epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and lower epidermis layers. On the other hand, the petiole has a five-lobed appearance in cross-section, drawing attention to the accessory vascular bundle seen from the adaxial region along with large vascular bundles above them. According to the findings, it was determined that although the anatomical features may vary according to environmental effects, there were significant differences in different cultivars growing in the same area.