Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide caused by Toxoplasma gondii that leads to abortion or hydrocephalus during pregnancy. It’s a comparative cross-sectional one designed to assess immunoglobulins and cytokines in pregnant women. A total of 300 venous blood samples were collected from each pregnant woman and centrifuged to obtain serum. Patient’s information was recorded in a questionnaire previously designed for the purpose of analysis. In addition, 40 uninfected women were enrolled in the study as control group to assess the level of IL8 and IL17 cytokines. The overall seropositive rate of Toxoplasma gondii infection was 22.6%. Within the positive cases of study population, only 16 and 13 showed positive results of IL8, IL17 respectively. The results showed highly significant increase in the mean serum level of IL8 (210.25pg/ml) and IL17 (203.15 pg/ml) when compared to the control group who showed 68.9 pg/ml and 54.8 pg/ml respectively. The serum level of proinflammatory cytokines investigated in this study seems to be increased in patients with serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Our study concludes that IL-17 and IL-8 involved in the induction of inflammation and toxoplasmosis disease.

Background: Approximately one-third of all humanity has been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii, but the seroprevalence varies considerably between countries from less than 10% to more than 90%. Objectives: To conduct sero-diagnosis on Toxoplasma. gondii in pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan. Methods: It’s cross-sectional one designed to diagnose toxoplasma gondii in pregnant female. Serum samples for toxoplasmosis was investigated and screened using the Toxo-latex test, Ict for toxoplasmosis and ELISA Results: The results showed 90(30%) serum samples were positive by the routine latex agglutination test while ICT and ELISA detected 46(15.3%) and 68 (22.6%) positive cases respectively. 65(21.7%) serum samples were found to have IgG while IgM was showed only 3(1%) IgM. high rate of infection was encountered in age group 21-30 years, and third trimester showed the highest rate of infection. In this study, meat consumption and cat contact have no role in disease transmission as no statistically association. Also no association between T. gondii sero-prevalence and history of miscarriage. Conclusion: Findings show the need for an integrated control program against toxoplasmosis because the frequency of specific IgM and IgG antibodies is considered high among pregnant women investigated for Toxoplasmosis.

Among 500 persons referred to laboratories for performing stool examinations samples (51.43%) were male and (48.57%) were female, all this personshad Abdominal pain and Diarrhea and 39% had a blood in their stool Among these numbers, 298 (59.6%) were positive for parasitic infections 90 (30.2%) Giardia lamblia and 208 (69.8%) Entamoeba histolytica .Also the higher infection rates were recorded in the age 10-19 the infection was (42 % Based on the reliable answers obtained from the interviewed patients or guardians using the pre-formatted questionnaires.The prevalence of intestinal protozoan according to drinking water materials the Plastic and brass have higher infection rate with (50.3%) and (30.2%).

Background: Due to poor sanitation, a lack of access to drinkable water, and a climate that promotes the development of parasites, intestinal protozoan infections continue to be a major public health concern in Sudan. Compiling the data currently available on intestinal protozoa prevalence, distribution, risk factors, and control methods in Sudan is the aim of this systematic study. Methods: African Journals Online (AJOL), Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were all thoroughly searched. Research on the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Sudan, including Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium, was taken into consideration. After data extraction, a qualitative synthesis was carried out. A random-effects model was utilized to compute pooled prevalence estimates along with 95% CI. Results: Twenty-seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In Sudan, the most common intestinal protozoan infections were caused by Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. For Giardia duodenalis, the overall pooled prevalence was 18.4% (95% CI: 14.2-23.2%), while for Entamoeba histolytica, it was 12.1% (95% CI: 8.5-16.6%). Children under five years old had a much greater prevalence of giardiasis, with rates as high as 31.5% (95% CI: 25.0–38.7%). High infection rates were also observed among those who lived in rural regions and those who had poor access to sanitary facilities; for giardiasis, the pooled odds ratios were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.9–4.2) and 3.5 (95% CI: 2.2–5.6), respectively. Due to environmental and socioeconomic reasons, regional variations were noted. Conclusion: In Sudan, intestinal protozoan infections are quite prevalent, particularly in vulnerable populations. Improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices and community-based treatment initiatives are needed to reduce the burden of these illnesses. Future research should focus on molecular epidemiology and patterns in drug resistance. Keywords: Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, Sudan, intestinal protozoa, Cryptosporidium, epidemiology

Background: A common zoonotic parasite protozoan with significant effects on veterinary and public health is Toxoplasma gondii. It is believed that one-third of the world's population has come into contact with this parasite. Pregnant women in Sudan have been found to have higher seroprevalence rates, and exposure has been linked to serious gestational problems such miscarriage, preterm delivery, or stunted fetal growth. In Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan, this study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and examine epidemiological risk factors among expectant mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital and clinic-based study was carried out on 300 pregnant women in Shendi. Serum samples were collected and tested for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies with a commercial quick immunochromatographic test (ICT) cassette. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, obstetrical, and dietary behavioral information. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibodies in 300 individuals was 46.7% (n=140), indicating previous immunological exposure; no IgM antibodies were found, indicating the lack of active, acute infections during the sample period. T. gondii seropositivity was found to be significantly associated with raw or undercooked meat consumption (P=0.000), first-trimester gestational age (P=0.000), a maternal history of miscarriage (P=0.000), and prior deliveries of children with congenital abnormalities. There was no statistically significant link between age groups (P=0.989) or parity (P=0.636). Conclusion: The findings show a significant seroprevalence of latent maternal toxoplasmosis exposure in the Shendi region. The strong associations between dietary habits and unfavorable obstetric outcomes highlight the importance of early regular antenatal screening, enhanced food safety education, and preventative prenatal efforts to reduce vertical transmission risk.

Background: Schistosomiasis is considered the most widespread parasitic infection. Both Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni are present, and as waterborne infections, their epidemiology is closely associated with proximity and exposure to freshwater sources. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among school children and snail – parasite compatibility.   Methods: The study is cross sectional study included 500urine sample collected randomly from targeted children (265 male and 235 female). The population was classified according to age group into two groups: less than 12 and 12-16 years. Also, the educational level of parents was classified into three levels :( low, medium and high) which corresponds to primary, secondary and graduated education levels respectively. The urine samples were examined for S.haematobium eggs by using sedimentation technique. A questionnaire was designed to collect data related to human behavior. Data presented in tables and graphs using Microsoft Excel after analysis by SPSS. Results: The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 0.6% (3 positive cases). All positive cases were males who showed direct contact with water and this showed a association between gender and contact with water to the rate of infection. In other hands All the examined snails showed no cercarial shedding. Conclusion: The study concluded that the absence of infection in the studied snails (Bulinus) was the reason for the infection rate of S. haematobium in the study area. Recommendations: Mass treatment must be repeated frequently in this area due to presence of many factors associated with infection such as continuous contact with water, presence of the natural intermediate host and existence of the parasite itself. Also further studies on the seasonal dynamics of the snail population should be done.