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Julian Druce
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia

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Letter to the editor
Published: 10 May 2021 in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
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ACS Style

Jennifer M. Audsley; Natasha E. Holmes; Francesca L. Mordant; Celia Douros; Sara E. Zufan; Thi H. O. Nguyen; Lukasz Kedzierski; Louise C. Rowntree; Luca Hensen; Kanta Subbarao; Katherine Kedzierska; Suellen Nicholson; Norelle Sherry; Irani Thevarajan; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce. Temporal differences in culturable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in a patient with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Jennifer M. Audsley, Natasha E. Holmes, Francesca L. Mordant, Celia Douros, Sara E. Zufan, Thi H. O. Nguyen, Lukasz Kedzierski, Louise C. Rowntree, Luca Hensen, Kanta Subbarao, Katherine Kedzierska, Suellen Nicholson, Norelle Sherry, Irani Thevarajan, Thomas Tran, Julian Druce. Temporal differences in culturable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in a patient with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2021; ():1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer M. Audsley; Natasha E. Holmes; Francesca L. Mordant; Celia Douros; Sara E. Zufan; Thi H. O. Nguyen; Lukasz Kedzierski; Louise C. Rowntree; Luca Hensen; Kanta Subbarao; Katherine Kedzierska; Suellen Nicholson; Norelle Sherry; Irani Thevarajan; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce. 2021. "Temporal differences in culturable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in a patient with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , no. : 1-3.

Original article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is an emerging virus that has caused significant human morbidity and mortality since its detection in late 2019. With the rapid emergence has come an unprecedented programme of vaccine development with at least 300 candidates under development. Ferrets have proven to be an appropriate animal model for testing safety and efficacy of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines due to quantifiable virus shedding in nasal washes and oral swabs. Here we outline our efforts early in the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak to propagate and characterise an Australian isolate of the virus in vitro and in an ex vivo model of human airway epithelium, as well as to demonstrate the susceptibility of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection following intranasal challenge.

ACS Style

Glenn A. Marsh; Alexander J. McAuley; Sheree Brown; Elizabeth A. Pharo; Sandra Crameri; Gough G. Au; Michelle L. Baker; Jennifer A. Barr; Jemma Bergfeld; Matthew P. Bruce; Kathie Burkett; Peter A. Durr; Clare Holmes; Leonard Izzard; Rachel Layton; Suzanne Lowther; Matthew J. Neave; Timothy Poole; Sarah‐Jane Riddell; Brenton Rowe; Elisha Soldani; Vittoria Stevens; Willy W. Suen; Vinod Sundaramoorthy; Mary Tachedjian; Shawn Todd; Lee Trinidad; Sinéad M. Williams; Julian D. Druce; Trevor W. Drew; Seshadri S. Vasan. In vitrocharacterisation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and susceptibility of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Glenn A. Marsh, Alexander J. McAuley, Sheree Brown, Elizabeth A. Pharo, Sandra Crameri, Gough G. Au, Michelle L. Baker, Jennifer A. Barr, Jemma Bergfeld, Matthew P. Bruce, Kathie Burkett, Peter A. Durr, Clare Holmes, Leonard Izzard, Rachel Layton, Suzanne Lowther, Matthew J. Neave, Timothy Poole, Sarah‐Jane Riddell, Brenton Rowe, Elisha Soldani, Vittoria Stevens, Willy W. Suen, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Mary Tachedjian, Shawn Todd, Lee Trinidad, Sinéad M. Williams, Julian D. Druce, Trevor W. Drew, Seshadri S. Vasan. In vitrocharacterisation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and susceptibility of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Glenn A. Marsh; Alexander J. McAuley; Sheree Brown; Elizabeth A. Pharo; Sandra Crameri; Gough G. Au; Michelle L. Baker; Jennifer A. Barr; Jemma Bergfeld; Matthew P. Bruce; Kathie Burkett; Peter A. Durr; Clare Holmes; Leonard Izzard; Rachel Layton; Suzanne Lowther; Matthew J. Neave; Timothy Poole; Sarah‐Jane Riddell; Brenton Rowe; Elisha Soldani; Vittoria Stevens; Willy W. Suen; Vinod Sundaramoorthy; Mary Tachedjian; Shawn Todd; Lee Trinidad; Sinéad M. Williams; Julian D. Druce; Trevor W. Drew; Seshadri S. Vasan. 2021. "In vitrocharacterisation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and susceptibility of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2020 in Viruses
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sequencing the viral genome as the outbreak progresses is important, particularly in the identification of emerging isolates with different pathogenic potential and to identify whether nucleotide changes in the genome will impair clinical diagnostic tools such as real-time PCR assays. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations occur during the replication of coronaviruses, one of the biggest drivers in genetic change is recombination. This can manifest itself in insertions and/or deletions in the viral genome. Therefore, sequencing strategies that underpin molecular epidemiology and inform virus biology in patients should take these factors into account. A long amplicon/read length-based RT-PCR sequencing approach focused on the Oxford Nanopore MinION/GridION platforms was developed to identify and sequence the SARS-CoV-2 genome in samples from patients with or suspected of COVID-19. The protocol, termed Rapid Sequencing Long Amplicons (RSLAs) used random primers to generate cDNA from RNA purified from a sample from a patient, followed by single or multiplex PCRs to generate longer amplicons of the viral genome. The base protocol was used to identify SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of clinical samples and proved sensitive in identifying viral RNA in samples from patients that had been declared negative using other nucleic acid-based assays (false negative). Sequencing the amplicons revealed that a number of patients had a proportion of viral genomes with deletions.

ACS Style

Shona C. Moore; Rebekah Penrice-Randall; Muhannad Alruwaili; Nadine Randle; Stuart Armstrong; Catherine Hartley; Sam Haldenby; Xiaofeng Dong; Abdulrahman Alrezaihi; Mai Almsaud; Eleanor Bentley; Jordan Clark; Isabel García-Dorival; Paul Gilmore; Ximeng Han; Benjamin Jones; Lisa Luu; Parul Sharma; Ghada Shawli; Yani Sun; Qin Zhao; Steven T. Pullan; Daniel P. Carter; Kevin Bewley; Jake Dunning; En-Min Zhou; Tom Solomon; Michael Beadsworth; James Cruise; Derrick W. Crook; David A. Matthews; Andrew D. Davidson; Zana Mahmood; Waleed Aljabr; Julian Druce; Richard Vipond; Lisa Ng; Laurent Renia; Peter J. M. Openshaw; J. Kenneth Baillie; Miles W. Carroll; James Stewart; Alistair Darby; Malcolm Semple; Lance Turtle; Julian A. Hiscox. Amplicon-Based Detection and Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs from Patients With COVID-19 and Identification of Deletions in the Viral Genome That Encode Proteins Involved in Interferon Antagonism. Viruses 2020, 12, 1164 .

AMA Style

Shona C. Moore, Rebekah Penrice-Randall, Muhannad Alruwaili, Nadine Randle, Stuart Armstrong, Catherine Hartley, Sam Haldenby, Xiaofeng Dong, Abdulrahman Alrezaihi, Mai Almsaud, Eleanor Bentley, Jordan Clark, Isabel García-Dorival, Paul Gilmore, Ximeng Han, Benjamin Jones, Lisa Luu, Parul Sharma, Ghada Shawli, Yani Sun, Qin Zhao, Steven T. Pullan, Daniel P. Carter, Kevin Bewley, Jake Dunning, En-Min Zhou, Tom Solomon, Michael Beadsworth, James Cruise, Derrick W. Crook, David A. Matthews, Andrew D. Davidson, Zana Mahmood, Waleed Aljabr, Julian Druce, Richard Vipond, Lisa Ng, Laurent Renia, Peter J. M. Openshaw, J. Kenneth Baillie, Miles W. Carroll, James Stewart, Alistair Darby, Malcolm Semple, Lance Turtle, Julian A. Hiscox. Amplicon-Based Detection and Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs from Patients With COVID-19 and Identification of Deletions in the Viral Genome That Encode Proteins Involved in Interferon Antagonism. Viruses. 2020; 12 (10):1164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shona C. Moore; Rebekah Penrice-Randall; Muhannad Alruwaili; Nadine Randle; Stuart Armstrong; Catherine Hartley; Sam Haldenby; Xiaofeng Dong; Abdulrahman Alrezaihi; Mai Almsaud; Eleanor Bentley; Jordan Clark; Isabel García-Dorival; Paul Gilmore; Ximeng Han; Benjamin Jones; Lisa Luu; Parul Sharma; Ghada Shawli; Yani Sun; Qin Zhao; Steven T. Pullan; Daniel P. Carter; Kevin Bewley; Jake Dunning; En-Min Zhou; Tom Solomon; Michael Beadsworth; James Cruise; Derrick W. Crook; David A. Matthews; Andrew D. Davidson; Zana Mahmood; Waleed Aljabr; Julian Druce; Richard Vipond; Lisa Ng; Laurent Renia; Peter J. M. Openshaw; J. Kenneth Baillie; Miles W. Carroll; James Stewart; Alistair Darby; Malcolm Semple; Lance Turtle; Julian A. Hiscox. 2020. "Amplicon-Based Detection and Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs from Patients With COVID-19 and Identification of Deletions in the Viral Genome That Encode Proteins Involved in Interferon Antagonism." Viruses 12, no. 10: 1164.

Other
Published: 02 September 2020
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BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has significantly increased demand on laboratory throughput and reagents for nucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reagent shortages may limit the expansion of testing required to scale back isolation measures. AIM To investigate the viability of sample pooling as a strategy for increasing test throughput and conserving PCR reagents; to report our early experience with pooling of clinical samples. METHODS A pre-implementation study was performed to assess the sensitivity and theoretical efficiency of two, four, and eight-sample pools in a real-time reverse transcription PCR-based workflow. A standard operating procedure was developed and implemented in two laboratories during periods of peak demand, inclusive of over 29,000 clinical samples processed in our laboratory. RESULTS Sensitivity decreased (mean absolute increase in cycle threshold value of 0.6, 2.3, and 3.0 for pools of two, four, and eight samples respectively) and efficiency increased as pool size increased. Gains from pooling diminished at high disease prevalence. Our standard operating procedure was successfully implemented across two laboratories. Increased workflow complexity imparts a higher risk of errors, and requires risk mitigation strategies. Turnaround time for individual samples increased, hence urgent samples should not be pooled. CONCLUSIONS Pooling is a viable strategy for high-throughput testing of SARS-CoV-2 in low-prevalence settings.

ACS Style

Brian Sw Chong; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Susan A Ballard; Julie A Simpson; Mike Catton. Sample Pooling is a Viable Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Low-Prevalence Settings. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Brian Sw Chong, Thomas Tran, Julian Druce, Susan A Ballard, Julie A Simpson, Mike Catton. Sample Pooling is a Viable Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Low-Prevalence Settings. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian Sw Chong; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Susan A Ballard; Julie A Simpson; Mike Catton. 2020. "Sample Pooling is a Viable Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Low-Prevalence Settings." , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 16 May 2020
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BACKGROUND: Whole-genome sequencing of pathogens can improve resolution of outbreak clusters and define possible transmission networks. We applied high-throughput genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 to 75% of cases in the State of Victoria (population 6.24 million) in Australia. METHODS: Cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected through active case finding and contact tracing. A dedicated SARS-CoV-2 multidisciplinary genomic response team was formed to enable rapid integration of epidemiological and genomic data. Phylodynamic analysis was performed to assess the putative impact of social restrictions. RESULTS: Between 25 January and 14 April 2020, 1,333 COVID-19 cases were reported in Victoria, with a peak in late March. After applying internal quality control parameters, 903 samples were included in genomic analyses. Sequenced samples from Australia were representative of the global diversity of SARS-CoV-2, consistent with epidemiological findings of multiple importations and limited onward transmission. In total, 76 distinct genomic clusters were identified; these included large clusters associated with social venues, healthcare facilities and cruise ships. Sequencing of sequential samples from 98 patients revealed minimal intra-patient SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity. Phylodynamic modelling indicated a significant reduction in the effective viral reproductive number (Re) from 1.63 to 0.48 after the implementation of travel restrictions and population-level physical distancing. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide a comprehensive framework for the use of SARS-CoV-2 genomics in public health responses. The application of genomics to rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains will become critically important as social restrictions ease globally. Public health responses to emergent cases must be swift, highly focused and effective.

ACS Style

Torsten Seemann; Courtney Lane; Norelle Sherry; Sebastian Duchene; Anders Goncalves Da Silva; Leon Caly; Michelle Sait; Susan A Ballard; Kristy Horan; Mark B Schultz; Tuyet Hoang; Marion Easton; Sally Dougall; Tim Stinear; Julian Druce; Mike Catton; Brett Sutton; Annaliese Van Diemen; Charles Alpren; Deborah Williamson; Benjamin P Howden. Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using genomics. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Torsten Seemann, Courtney Lane, Norelle Sherry, Sebastian Duchene, Anders Goncalves Da Silva, Leon Caly, Michelle Sait, Susan A Ballard, Kristy Horan, Mark B Schultz, Tuyet Hoang, Marion Easton, Sally Dougall, Tim Stinear, Julian Druce, Mike Catton, Brett Sutton, Annaliese Van Diemen, Charles Alpren, Deborah Williamson, Benjamin P Howden. Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using genomics. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Torsten Seemann; Courtney Lane; Norelle Sherry; Sebastian Duchene; Anders Goncalves Da Silva; Leon Caly; Michelle Sait; Susan A Ballard; Kristy Horan; Mark B Schultz; Tuyet Hoang; Marion Easton; Sally Dougall; Tim Stinear; Julian Druce; Mike Catton; Brett Sutton; Annaliese Van Diemen; Charles Alpren; Deborah Williamson; Benjamin P Howden. 2020. "Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using genomics." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 30 April 2020
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2.AbstractIntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic of 2020 has resulted in unparalleled requirements for RNA extraction kits and enzymes required for virus detection, leading to global shortages. This has necessitated the exploration of alternative diagnostic options to alleviate supply chain issues.AimTo establish and validate a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs.MethodologyWe used a commercial RT-LAMP mastermix from OptiGene Ltd in combination with a primer set designed to detect the CDC N1 region of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) gene. A single-tube, single-step fluorescence assay was implemented whereby as little as 1 μL of universal transport medium (UTM) directly from a nasopharyngeal swab could be used as template, bypassing the requirement for RNA purification. Amplification and detection could be conducted in any thermocycler capable of holding 65°C for 30 minutes and measure fluorescence in the FAM channel at one-minute intervals.ResultsAssay evaluation by assessment of 157 clinical specimens previously screened by E-gene RT-qPCR revealed assay sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 100%, respectively. Results were fast, with an average time-to-positive (Tp) for 93 clinical samples of 14 minutes (SD ±7 minutes). Using dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 virus spiked into UTM, we also evaluated assay performance against FDA guidelines for implementation of emergency-use diagnostics and established a limit-of-detection of 54 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 per ml (TCID50 mL−1), with satisfactory assay sensitivity and specificity. A comparison of 20 clinical specimens between four laboratories showed excellent interlaboratory concordance; performing equally well on three different, commonly used thermocyclers, pointing to the robustness of the assay.ConclusionWith a simplified workflow, N1-STOP-LAMP is a powerful, scalable option for specific and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 and an additional resource in the diagnostic armamentarium against COVID-19.3.Data summaryThe authors confirm all supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files.

ACS Style

Jean Y. H. Lee; Nickala Best; Julie L. McAuley; Jessica L. Porter; Torsten Seemann; Mark B. Schultz; Michelle Sait; Nicole Orlando; Karolina Mercoulia; Susan A. Ballard; Julian Druce; Thomas Tran; Mike G. Catton; Melinda J. Pryor; Huanhuan L. Cui; Angela Luttick; Sean McDonald; Arran Greenhalgh; Jason C. Kwong; Norelle L. Sherry; Maryza Graham; Tuyet Hoang; Marion Herisse; Sacha J. Pidot; Deborah Anne Williamson; Benjamin P. Howden; Ian Robertson Monk; Timothy P. Stinear. Validation of a single-step, single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Jean Y. H. Lee, Nickala Best, Julie L. McAuley, Jessica L. Porter, Torsten Seemann, Mark B. Schultz, Michelle Sait, Nicole Orlando, Karolina Mercoulia, Susan A. Ballard, Julian Druce, Thomas Tran, Mike G. Catton, Melinda J. Pryor, Huanhuan L. Cui, Angela Luttick, Sean McDonald, Arran Greenhalgh, Jason C. Kwong, Norelle L. Sherry, Maryza Graham, Tuyet Hoang, Marion Herisse, Sacha J. Pidot, Deborah Anne Williamson, Benjamin P. Howden, Ian Robertson Monk, Timothy P. Stinear. Validation of a single-step, single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jean Y. H. Lee; Nickala Best; Julie L. McAuley; Jessica L. Porter; Torsten Seemann; Mark B. Schultz; Michelle Sait; Nicole Orlando; Karolina Mercoulia; Susan A. Ballard; Julian Druce; Thomas Tran; Mike G. Catton; Melinda J. Pryor; Huanhuan L. Cui; Angela Luttick; Sean McDonald; Arran Greenhalgh; Jason C. Kwong; Norelle L. Sherry; Maryza Graham; Tuyet Hoang; Marion Herisse; Sacha J. Pidot; Deborah Anne Williamson; Benjamin P. Howden; Ian Robertson Monk; Timothy P. Stinear. 2020. "Validation of a single-step, single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 20 April 2020
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The sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019 from the Chinese province of Hubei and its subsequent pandemic spread highlight the importance of understanding the full molecular details of coronavirus infection and pathogenesis. Here, we compared a variety of replication features of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and analysed the cytopathology caused by the two closely related viruses in the commonly used Vero E6 cell line. Compared to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 generated higher levels of intracellular viral RNA, but strikingly about 50-fold less infectious viral progeny was recovered from the culture medium. Immunofluorescence microscopy of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells established extensive cross-reactivity of antisera previously raised against a variety of nonstructural proteins, membrane and nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV. Electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural changes induced by the two SARS viruses are very similar and occur within comparable time frames after infection. Furthermore, we determined that the sensitivity of the two viruses to three established inhibitors of coronavirus replication (Remdesivir, Alisporivir and chloroquine) is very similar, but that SARS-CoV-2 infection was substantially more sensitive to pre-treatment of cells with pegylated interferon alpha. An important difference between the two viruses is the fact that - upon passaging in Vero E6 cells - SARS-CoV-2 apparently is under strong selection pressure to acquire adaptive mutations in its spike protein gene. These mutations change or delete a putative ‘furin-like cleavage site’ in the region connecting the S1 and S2 domains and result in a very prominent phenotypic change in plaque assays.

ACS Style

Natacha S. Ogando; Timmothy Dalebout; Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe; Ronald W.A.L. Limpens; Yvonne van der Meer; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Jutte J. C. de Vries; Marjolein Kikkert; Montserrat Bárcena; Igor Sidorov; Eric J. Snijder. SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Natacha S. Ogando, Timmothy Dalebout, Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Ronald W.A.L. Limpens, Yvonne van der Meer, Leon Caly, Julian Druce, Jutte J. C. de Vries, Marjolein Kikkert, Montserrat Bárcena, Igor Sidorov, Eric J. Snijder. SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natacha S. Ogando; Timmothy Dalebout; Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe; Ronald W.A.L. Limpens; Yvonne van der Meer; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Jutte J. C. de Vries; Marjolein Kikkert; Montserrat Bárcena; Igor Sidorov; Eric J. Snijder. 2020. "SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology." , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 08 March 2020
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COVID-19 is a complex disease phenotype where the underlying microbiome could influence morbidity and mortality. Amplicon and metagenomic MinION based sequencing was used to rapidly (within 8 hours) identify SARS-CoV-2 and assess the microbiome in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with COVID-19 by the ISARIC 4C consortium.

ACS Style

Shona C. Moore; Rebekah Penrice-Randal; Muhannad Alruwaili; Xiaofeng Dong; Steven T. Pullan; Daniel P. Carter; Kevin Bewley; Qin Zhao; Yani Sun; Catherine Hartley; En-Min Zhou; Tom Solomon; Michael B. J. Beadsworth; James Cruise; Debby Bogaert; Derrick W T Crook; David A. Matthews; Andrew D. Davidson; Zana Mahmood; Waleed Aljabr; Julian Druce; Richard T. Vipond; Lisa F. P. Ng; Laurent Renia; Peter J. M. Openshaw; J. Kenneth Baillie; Miles W. Carroll; Malcolm G. Semple; Lance Turtle; Julian Alexander Hiscox. Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Shona C. Moore, Rebekah Penrice-Randal, Muhannad Alruwaili, Xiaofeng Dong, Steven T. Pullan, Daniel P. Carter, Kevin Bewley, Qin Zhao, Yani Sun, Catherine Hartley, En-Min Zhou, Tom Solomon, Michael B. J. Beadsworth, James Cruise, Debby Bogaert, Derrick W T Crook, David A. Matthews, Andrew D. Davidson, Zana Mahmood, Waleed Aljabr, Julian Druce, Richard T. Vipond, Lisa F. P. Ng, Laurent Renia, Peter J. M. Openshaw, J. Kenneth Baillie, Miles W. Carroll, Malcolm G. Semple, Lance Turtle, Julian Alexander Hiscox. Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shona C. Moore; Rebekah Penrice-Randal; Muhannad Alruwaili; Xiaofeng Dong; Steven T. Pullan; Daniel P. Carter; Kevin Bewley; Qin Zhao; Yani Sun; Catherine Hartley; En-Min Zhou; Tom Solomon; Michael B. J. Beadsworth; James Cruise; Debby Bogaert; Derrick W T Crook; David A. Matthews; Andrew D. Davidson; Zana Mahmood; Waleed Aljabr; Julian Druce; Richard T. Vipond; Lisa F. P. Ng; Laurent Renia; Peter J. M. Openshaw; J. Kenneth Baillie; Miles W. Carroll; Malcolm G. Semple; Lance Turtle; Julian Alexander Hiscox. 2020. "Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 07 March 2020
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Fundamental aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology remain to be described, having the potential to provide insight to the response effort for this high-priority pathogen. Here we describe the first native RNA sequence of SARS-CoV-2, detailing the coronaviral transcriptome and epitranscriptome, and share these data publicly. A data-driven inference of viral genetic features and evolutionary rate is also made. The rapid sharing of sequence information throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents an inflection point for public health and genomic epidemiology, providing early insights into the biology and evolution of this emerging pathogen.

ACS Style

George Taiaroa; Daniel Rawlinson; Leo Featherstone; Miranda Pitt; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Damian Purcell; Leigh Harty; Thomas Tran; Jason Roberts; Nichollas Scott; Mike Catton; Deborah Williamson; Lachlan Coin; Sebastian Duchene. Direct RNA sequencing and early evolution of SARS-CoV-2. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

George Taiaroa, Daniel Rawlinson, Leo Featherstone, Miranda Pitt, Leon Caly, Julian Druce, Damian Purcell, Leigh Harty, Thomas Tran, Jason Roberts, Nichollas Scott, Mike Catton, Deborah Williamson, Lachlan Coin, Sebastian Duchene. Direct RNA sequencing and early evolution of SARS-CoV-2. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Taiaroa; Daniel Rawlinson; Leo Featherstone; Miranda Pitt; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Damian Purcell; Leigh Harty; Thomas Tran; Jason Roberts; Nichollas Scott; Mike Catton; Deborah Williamson; Lachlan Coin; Sebastian Duchene. 2020. "Direct RNA sequencing and early evolution of SARS-CoV-2." , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 23 February 2020
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We report the kinetics of the immune response in relation to clinical and virological features of a patient with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) requiring hospitalisation. Increased antibody-secreting cells, follicular T-helper cells, activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and IgM/IgG SARS-CoV-2-binding antibodies were detected in blood, prior to symptomatic recovery. These immunological changes persisted for at least 7 days following full resolution of symptoms, indicating substantial anti-viral immunity in this non-severe COVID-19.

ACS Style

Irani Thevarajan; Thi Ho Nguyen; Marios Koutsakos; Julian Druce; Leon Caly; Carolien E Van De Sandt; Xiaoxiao Jia; Suellen Nicholson; Mike Catton; Benjamin Cowie; Steven Yc Tong; Sharon R Lewin; Katherine Kedzierska. Breadth of concomitant immune responses underpinning viral clearance and patient recovery in a non-severe case of COVID-19. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Irani Thevarajan, Thi Ho Nguyen, Marios Koutsakos, Julian Druce, Leon Caly, Carolien E Van De Sandt, Xiaoxiao Jia, Suellen Nicholson, Mike Catton, Benjamin Cowie, Steven Yc Tong, Sharon R Lewin, Katherine Kedzierska. Breadth of concomitant immune responses underpinning viral clearance and patient recovery in a non-severe case of COVID-19. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irani Thevarajan; Thi Ho Nguyen; Marios Koutsakos; Julian Druce; Leon Caly; Carolien E Van De Sandt; Xiaoxiao Jia; Suellen Nicholson; Mike Catton; Benjamin Cowie; Steven Yc Tong; Sharon R Lewin; Katherine Kedzierska. 2020. "Breadth of concomitant immune responses underpinning viral clearance and patient recovery in a non-severe case of COVID-19." , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2020 in Proceedings
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Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel influenza virus first isolated from swine in 2011 in Oklahoma. Several studies have isolated IDV in cattle from multiple geographic areas, suggesting that cattle could be a possible primary natural reservoir for the virus. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence that IDV has the ability to infect humans. This serological study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against IDV in the human population. The IDV used in the serological analysis was influenza D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013. The human serum samples, collected in Italy between 2005 and 2017, were randomly selected from the laboratory serum bank and tested by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. HI positivity has been confirmed using the virus neutralization (VN) assay. Based on HI positivity (HI titers ≥ 10), a low prevalence (5%–10%) was observed between 2005 and 2007. There has been a sharp increase since 2008, resulting in two main peaks in 2009–2010 and 2013–2014, a finding confirmed by the statistical trend analysis. The same pattern and trends can be seen with higher HI titers of >20 and ≥40. The prevalence of antibodies against IDV has increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Low prevalence values between 2005 and 2007 suggest that IDV most probably circulated before its detection in 2011, and perhaps even before 2005. In Italy, IDV has been shown to circulate among swine and bovine herds. It is, therefore, possible that prevalence peaks in humans follow the infection epidemics in animals and do not to persist in the population, resembling a spillover event from the animal reservoir and showing that the virus may not circulate consistently in the human population. However, IDV seemed to have the ability to elicit an immune response in humans.

ACS Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans? Proceedings 2020, 50, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Feng Li, Pietro Piu, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Chithra Sreenivasan, Julian Druce, Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans? Proceedings. 2020; 50 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans?" Proceedings 50, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2019 in Viruses
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Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in 2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural reservoir. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence on the ability of the virus to infect humans. The aim of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against influenza D virus in human serum samples collected in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Serum samples were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results showed that the prevalence of antibodies against the virus increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017, with a trend characterized by a sharp increase in some years, followed by a decline in subsequent years. The virus showed the ability to infect and elicit an immune response in humans. However, prevalence peaks in humans appear to follow epidemics in animals and not to persist in the human population.

ACS Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses 2019, 12, 30 .

AMA Style

Claudia M. Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Feng Li, Pietro Piu, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Chithra Sreenivasan, Julian Druce, Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses. 2019; 12 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. 2019. "Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017." Viruses 12, no. 1: 30.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2019 in Viruses
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Human parechovirus (HPeV), particularly type 3 (HPeV3), is an important cause of sepsis-/meningitis-like illness in young infants. Laboratory records identified a total of ten HPeV-positive cases in Southeastern Australia between January and July 2019. The HPeV present in these cases were typed by Sanger sequencing of the partial viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) region and selected cases were further characterised by additional Sanger or Ion Torrent near-full length virus sequencing. In seven of the ten cases, an HPeV type 5 (HPeV5) was identified, and in the remaining three cases, an HPeV type 1 was identified. The HPeV5-positive cases were infants under the age of 3 months admitted to hospital with fever, rash, lethargy and/or sepsis-like clinical signs. Near full-length virus sequencing revealed that the HPeV5 was most likely a recombinant virus, with structural genes most similar to an HPeV5 from Belarus in 2018, and a polymerase gene most similar to an HPeV3 from Australia in 2013/14. While HPeV5 is not typically associated with severe clinical signs, the HPeV5 identified here may have been able to cause more severe disease in young infants through the acquisition of genes from a more virulent HPeV.

ACS Style

Anthony Chamings; Kwee Chin Liew; Emily Reid; Eugene Athan; Amy Raditsis; Peter Vuillermin; Yano Yoga; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Soren Alexandersen; Liew; Reid; Yoga; Caly. An Emerging Human Parechovirus Type 5 Causing Sepsis-Like Illness in Infants in Australia. Viruses 2019, 11, 913 .

AMA Style

Anthony Chamings, Kwee Chin Liew, Emily Reid, Eugene Athan, Amy Raditsis, Peter Vuillermin, Yano Yoga, Leon Caly, Julian Druce, Soren Alexandersen, Liew, Reid, Yoga, Caly. An Emerging Human Parechovirus Type 5 Causing Sepsis-Like Illness in Infants in Australia. Viruses. 2019; 11 (10):913.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anthony Chamings; Kwee Chin Liew; Emily Reid; Eugene Athan; Amy Raditsis; Peter Vuillermin; Yano Yoga; Leon Caly; Julian Druce; Soren Alexandersen; Liew; Reid; Yoga; Caly. 2019. "An Emerging Human Parechovirus Type 5 Causing Sepsis-Like Illness in Infants in Australia." Viruses 11, no. 10: 913.

Epidemiology
Published: 15 December 2018 in Sexually Transmitted Infections
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ObjectivesReports of rising herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genital infections relative to HSV-2 have been published up to 2006 in Australia. These changes have been attributed to declining childhood immunity to HSV-1. We described the temporal trends of HSV-1 and HSV-2 up to 2017 in Melbourne, Australia, to determine if the earlier trend is continuing.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 4517 patients who were diagnosed with first episode of anogenital HSV infection at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, between January 2004 and December 2017. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were calculated as a proportion of all first episode of anogenital HSV infections. The change in the proportions of HSV-1 and HSV-2 over time was assessed by a χ2 trend test. Risk factors associated with HSV-1 were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsThe proportion of first episode of anogenital herpes due to HSV-1 increased significantly over time in women (from 45% to 61%; ptrendtrend=0.01) but not in men who have sex with men (MSM) (ptrend=0.21). After adjusting for condom use, partner number and age, the annual increase remained significant only in women (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13, pConclusionsThe proportion of first-episode anogenital herpes due to HSV-1 has been rising in women since 2004. HSV-1 has become the leading cause of anogenital herpes in younger populations, women and MSM.

ACS Style

Duygu Durukan; Christopher K Fairley; Catriona S Bradshaw; Tim R H Read; Julian Druce; Michael Catton; Leon Caly; Eric P F Chow. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 among women and men diagnosed with first-episode anogenital herpes: a retrospective observational study over 14 years in Melbourne, Australia. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2018, 95, 307 -313.

AMA Style

Duygu Durukan, Christopher K Fairley, Catriona S Bradshaw, Tim R H Read, Julian Druce, Michael Catton, Leon Caly, Eric P F Chow. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 among women and men diagnosed with first-episode anogenital herpes: a retrospective observational study over 14 years in Melbourne, Australia. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2018; 95 (4):307-313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Durukan; Christopher K Fairley; Catriona S Bradshaw; Tim R H Read; Julian Druce; Michael Catton; Leon Caly; Eric P F Chow. 2018. "Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 among women and men diagnosed with first-episode anogenital herpes: a retrospective observational study over 14 years in Melbourne, Australia." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 4: 307-313.

Article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Journal of Clinical Microbiology
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Rapid differentiation of wild-type measles virus from measles vaccine strains is crucial during a measles outbreak and in a measles elimination setting. A real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) for the rapid detection of measles vaccine strains was developed with high specificity and sensitivity equivalent to that of traditional measles genotyping methods.

ACS Style

Thomas Tran; Renata Kostecki; Michael Catton; Julian Druce. Utility of a Stressed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Measles Vaccine Strains in Patient Samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2018, 56, e00360-18 .

AMA Style

Thomas Tran, Renata Kostecki, Michael Catton, Julian Druce. Utility of a Stressed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Measles Vaccine Strains in Patient Samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (8):e00360-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Tran; Renata Kostecki; Michael Catton; Julian Druce. 2018. "Utility of a Stressed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Measles Vaccine Strains in Patient Samples." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 56, no. 8: e00360-18.

Case reports
Published: 11 June 2018 in Viruses
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Murray Valley Encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus. Clinical presentation is rare but severe, with a case fatality rate of 15–30%. Here we report a case of MVEV from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient in the Northern Territory in Australia. Initial diagnosis was performed using both MVEV-specific real-time, and Pan-Flavivirus conventional, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), with confirmation by Sanger sequencing. Subsequent isolation, the first from CSF, was conducted in Vero cells and the observed cytopathic effect was confirmed by increasing viral titre in the real-time PCR. Isolation allowed for full genome sequencing using the Scriptseq V2 RNASeq library preparation kit. A consensus genome for VIDRL-MVE was generated and phylogenetic analysis identified it as Genotype 2. This is the first reported isolation, and full genome sequencing of MVEV from CSF. It is also the first time Genotype 2 has been identified in humans. As such, this case has significant implications for public health surveillance, epidemiology, and the understanding of MVEV evolution.

ACS Style

Jessica S. Russell; Leon Caly; Renata Kostecki; Sarah L. McGuinness; Glen Carter; Dieter Bulach; Torsten Seemann; Tim P. Stinear; Rob Baird; Mike Catton; Julian Druce. The First Isolation and Whole Genome Sequencing of Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus from Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Encephalitis. Viruses 2018, 10, 319 .

AMA Style

Jessica S. Russell, Leon Caly, Renata Kostecki, Sarah L. McGuinness, Glen Carter, Dieter Bulach, Torsten Seemann, Tim P. Stinear, Rob Baird, Mike Catton, Julian Druce. The First Isolation and Whole Genome Sequencing of Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus from Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Encephalitis. Viruses. 2018; 10 (6):319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica S. Russell; Leon Caly; Renata Kostecki; Sarah L. McGuinness; Glen Carter; Dieter Bulach; Torsten Seemann; Tim P. Stinear; Rob Baird; Mike Catton; Julian Druce. 2018. "The First Isolation and Whole Genome Sequencing of Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus from Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Encephalitis." Viruses 10, no. 6: 319.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2018 in Journal of Infectious Diseases
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Epidemiological studies have observed that the seasonal peak incidence of influenza virus infection is sometimes separate from the peak incidence of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection, with the peak incidence of hRSV infection delayed. This is proposed to be due to viral interference, whereby infection with one virus prevents or delays infection with a different virus. We investigated viral interference between hRSV and 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) in the ferret model. Infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 prevented subsequent infection with hRSV. Infection with hRSV reduced morbidity attributed to infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 but not infection, even when an increased inoculum dose of hRSV was used. Notably, infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune mediators in the ferret than hRSV. Minimal cross-reactive serological responses or interferon γ-expressing cells were induced by either virus ≥14 days after infection. These data indicate that antigen-independent mechanisms may drive viral interference between unrelated respiratory viruses that can limit subsequent infection or disease.

ACS Style

Kok Fei Chan; Louise A Carolan; Daniil Korenkov; Julian Druce; James McCaw; Patrick Reading; Ian G Barr; Karen L Laurie. Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018, 218, 406 -417.

AMA Style

Kok Fei Chan, Louise A Carolan, Daniil Korenkov, Julian Druce, James McCaw, Patrick Reading, Ian G Barr, Karen L Laurie. Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018; 218 (3):406-417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kok Fei Chan; Louise A Carolan; Daniil Korenkov; Julian Druce; James McCaw; Patrick Reading; Ian G Barr; Karen L Laurie. 2018. "Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 218, no. 3: 406-417.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2017 in Journal of Asthma
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Acute asthma exacerbations are more likely to be moderate/severe in boys under 5 years of age who had HRV-C infection on admission. The opposite was found in children with sensitization to pollen during pollen season.

ACS Style

Katrina A Lambert; Luke A. Prendergast; Shyamali Dharmage; Mimi Tang; Molly O'sullivan; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Philip Bardin; Michael J. Abramson; Bircan Erbas. The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) species on asthma exacerbation severity in children and adolescents. Journal of Asthma 2017, 55, 596 -602.

AMA Style

Katrina A Lambert, Luke A. Prendergast, Shyamali Dharmage, Mimi Tang, Molly O'sullivan, Thomas Tran, Julian Druce, Philip Bardin, Michael J. Abramson, Bircan Erbas. The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) species on asthma exacerbation severity in children and adolescents. Journal of Asthma. 2017; 55 (6):596-602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrina A Lambert; Luke A. Prendergast; Shyamali Dharmage; Mimi Tang; Molly O'sullivan; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Philip Bardin; Michael J. Abramson; Bircan Erbas. 2017. "The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) species on asthma exacerbation severity in children and adolescents." Journal of Asthma 55, no. 6: 596-602.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Journal of Clinical Microbiology
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The global spread and infective complications of Zika virus (ZKV) and dengue virus (DENV) have made them flaviviruses of public health concern. Serological diagnosis can be challenging due to antibody cross-reactivity, particularly in secondary flavivirus infections or when there is a history of flavivirus vaccination. The virus neutralization assay is considered to be the most specific assay for measurement of anti-flavivirus antibodies. This study describes an assay where the neutralization endpoint is measured by real-time PCR, providing results within 72 h. It demonstrated 100% sensitivity (24/24 ZKV and 15/15 DENV) and 100% specificity (11/11 specimens) when testing well-characterized sera. In addition, the assay was able to determine the correct DENV serotype in 91.7% of cases. The high sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR neutralization assay makes it suitable to use as a confirmatory test for sera that are reactive in commercial IgM/IgG enzyme immunoassays. Results are objective and the PCR-based measurement of the neutralization endpoint lends itself to automation so that throughput may be increased in times of high demand.

ACS Style

Heather L. Wilson; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol; Michael Catton. Neutralization Assay for Zika and Dengue Viruses by Use of Real-Time-PCR-Based Endpoint Assessment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2017, 55, 3104 -3112.

AMA Style

Heather L. Wilson, Thomas Tran, Julian Druce, Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol, Michael Catton. Neutralization Assay for Zika and Dengue Viruses by Use of Real-Time-PCR-Based Endpoint Assessment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2017; 55 (10):3104-3112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heather L. Wilson; Thomas Tran; Julian Druce; Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol; Michael Catton. 2017. "Neutralization Assay for Zika and Dengue Viruses by Use of Real-Time-PCR-Based Endpoint Assessment." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 10: 3104-3112.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2017 in Open Forum Infectious Diseases
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We describe a fatal case of Japanese encephalitis virus infection following short-term travel to Thailand. Viral RNA was detected in urine and whole blood out to 26 and 28 days, respectively, after the onset of symptoms. Live virus was isolated from a urine specimen from day 14.

ACS Style

G Khai Lin Huang; Shio Yen Tio; Leon Caly; Suellen Nicholson; Irani Thevarajan; Georgina Papadakis; Mike Catton; Steven Y C Tong; Julian Druce. Prolonged Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Urine and Whole Blood in a Returned Short-term Traveler. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2017, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

G Khai Lin Huang, Shio Yen Tio, Leon Caly, Suellen Nicholson, Irani Thevarajan, Georgina Papadakis, Mike Catton, Steven Y C Tong, Julian Druce. Prolonged Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Urine and Whole Blood in a Returned Short-term Traveler. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2017; 4 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G Khai Lin Huang; Shio Yen Tio; Leon Caly; Suellen Nicholson; Irani Thevarajan; Georgina Papadakis; Mike Catton; Steven Y C Tong; Julian Druce. 2017. "Prolonged Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Urine and Whole Blood in a Returned Short-term Traveler." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, no. 4: 1.