Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrating into the healthcare field, particularly in lung cancer care, including screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. While these applications offer promising advancements, they also raise complex challenges that must be addressed to ensure responsible implementation in clinical practice. This scoping review explores the ethical and legal aspects of AI applications in lung cancer.Methods: A search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, OAIster, and CABI. A total of 581 records were initially retrieved, of which 20 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The PRISMA guidelines were followed.Results: The most frequently reported ethical concern was data privacy. Other recurrent issues included informed consent, no harm to patients, algorithmic bias and fairness, transparency, equity in AI access and use, and trust. The most frequently raised legal concerns were data protection and privacy, although issues relating to cybersecurity, liability, safety and effectiveness, the lack of appropriate regulation, and intellectual property law were also noted. Solutions proposed ranged from technical approaches to calls for regulatory and policy development. However, many studies lacked comprehensive legal analysis, and most included papers originated from high-income countries. This highlights the need for a broader global perspective.Discussion: This review found that data privacy and protection are the most prominent ethical and legal concerns in AI applications for lung cancer care. Deep Learning (DL) applications, especially in diagnostic imaging, are closely tied to data privacy, lack of transparency, and algorithmic bias. Hybrid and multimodal AI systems raise additional concerns regarding informed consent and the lack of proper regulations. Ethical issues were more frequently addressed than legal ones, with limited consideration for global applicability, particularly in low- and lower middle-income countries. Although technical and policy solutions have been proposed, these remain largely unvalidated and fragmented, with limited real-world feasibility or scalability.

Interventions for primary prevention are crucial in tackling type 2 diabetes (T2D) by offering a structured approach to implementing lifestyle modifications, such as community-based programs. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of primary prevention interventions in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D in the 28 EU member states (EU-28). The present systematic review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020219994), and it followed the PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria comprised original interventional studies reporting incidence of T2D in member states of the EU-28. A total of 23,437 records were initially retrieved, of which 16 met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. These interventional studies, published between 2003 and 2021, provided data from Spain, the UK, Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark. Thirteen studies were of low quality, two were moderate, and one was high-quality. Three studies focused solely on dietary interventions, twelve studies combined diet, physical activity, and lifestyle counseling, and one study applied repeated health checks with personalized feedback and lifestyle advice. Overall, 10 studies reported a significant reduction in T2D incidence exclusively among high-risk individuals following the interventions with HR: 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3–0.7) to 0.75 (95% CI: 0.58–0.96). Only a few studies reported that primary lifestyle interventions decreased T2D risk, thus limiting generalizability. While lifestyle improvements were noted on high-risk groups, significant risk reduction among healthy individuals was not observed. Multicomponent interventions combining dietary modifications, physical activity, and personalized lifestyle counseling were the most effective in reducing the incidence of T2D among high-risk populations in the EU-28.

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a growing public health burden in the European Union (EU), largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. This systematic review aimed to synthesize observational evidence on the associations between nutritional exposures and incident T2DM across the EU-28, with a focus on regional heterogeneity and implications for EU-level nutrition policy. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020219994). Searches were conducted in different databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) identifying 23,437 records, from which 104 observational studies were included. Eligible studies involved adults (≥18 years) without T2DM at baseline and assessed dietary exposures in relation to T2DM incidence. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were performed in duplicate using the NHLBI tool in Covidence. Results: Most included studies were cohort studies (77.9%), primarily conducted in Western, Northern, and Southern Europe. Diets characterized by high consumption of whole and minimally processed foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fermented dairy, consistently showed associations with lower T2DM risk. In contrast, high intake of red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and ultra-processed foods was linked to higher risk. Adherence to Mediterranean or plant-based dietary patterns was associated with lower risk, whereas high animal-protein dietary patterns were detrimental. Conclusions: Nutritional determinants play a decisive role in shaping T2DM risk in the EU. Evidence supports prioritizing dietary patterns rich in plant-based and minimally processed foods while reducing ultra-processed and meat-based products. Tailored region-specific policies are needed to address the T2DM epidemic and guide effective prevention strategies.