The high application rate and low utilization efficiency of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fertilizer could lead to significant P accumulation in soil. Soil P cycling is greatly affected by the planting time in perennial fruit yards. However, the mechanism by which soil Pi fractions and pqqC-harboring bacterial communities, and their relationships, are affected by the planting time of fruit vines, remains unclear. Here, the soil Pi fractions, the pqqC-harboring bacterial communities, and their relationships in the grape yards with 0.5, 4, 16 and 22 growth years, designated as Y0.5, Y4, Y16 and Y22, were examined. The results showed that with the increasing growth years, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents and pH values, respectively, increased and decreased. In addition, the contents and percentages of soil labile Pi and moderately labile Pi increased, whereas those of soil stable Pi decreased. In the soils of Y4, Y16 and Y22, the abundance and α-diversity of pqqC decreased compared to the soils of Y0.5. In the soils of Y16, the composition of pqqC-harboring bacterial communities was altered significantly, showing a great difference compared to the soils of Y0.5, Y4 and Y22. At genus level, the relative abundance of pqqC-harboring bacteria was highly correlated with soil P fractions. Further structural equation modeling revealed that the relationships between the abundance and community richness of the pqqC gene and soil Pi transformation were regulated by soil pH. These findings suggest that changes in soil Pi fractions are closely associated with soil pH, pqqC gene abundance, pqqC-harboring bacterial community richness and SOC content in grape orchards with different planting years.

Codonopsis pilosula is a major Qi-tonifying medicinal herb, and its active composition is analyzed systematically. However, the relationship between its production origins and commodity speciffcation grades with the active composition of C. pilosula lacks systematic research. TTis study integrates the HPLC and UV-Vis methodologies to evaluate the quality of C. pilosula from commodity speciffcation grades and different origins, and it explores the correlation between ecological factors and production origins with active components. Here, network pharmacology is used to determine that lobetyolin, syringin, and tangshenoside I have potential efffcacy in treating pulmonary ffbrosis and oxidative stress. TTe HPLC and UV-Vis methods were employed to quantitatively analyse the levels of ffve active compounds from different origins and commodity speciffcation grades. Ecological factors were collected from the different production origins with ArcGIS, and correlation analysis was conducted between these factors and the active components of C. pilosula to identify the key ecological inffuences that drive the accumulation of active compounds. Results showed that network pharmacology analyses indicated that the active components of C. pilosula, including lobetyolin, syringin, and tangshenoside I, bind to targets and exhibit antioxidant and antipulmonary ffbrosis effects. Differences in the contents of active components across three commodity speciffcation grades were not signiffcant. TTe contents of active components in C. pilosula showed differences with varying origins, with the most variation observed in soluble sugar content, and notable variations are also observed in the levels of lobetyolin, syringin, and tangshenoside I, which could serve as potential biomarkers for different origins. Additionally, ecological factors inffuenced the accumulation of C. pilosula’s active components. TTe contents of soluble sugars and tangshenoside I were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. Our study evaluated the active components of C. pilosula, and ffndings show that lobetyolin, syringin, and tangshenoside I have potential efffcacy in treating pulmonary ffbrosis and oxidative stress. TTe differences in the quality of C. pilosula across varying commodity speciffcation grades are not signiffcant. TTe different contents of C. pilosula across varying origins are signiffcant, with soluble sugars and glycosides serving as potential markers for distinguishing C. pilosula from different origins. Moreover, ecological factors drove the accumulation of C. pilosula components. Soluble sugars and tangshenoside I content were particularly inffuenced by temperature and precipitation. Sand content and electrical conductivity signiffcantly correlated with syringin, whereas organic carbon negatively inffuenced total ffavonoids. TTis research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the C. pilosula growing area and lays a foundation for the study of the C. pilosula quality standard.

Organic phosphorus (OP) transformation in perennial orchard soils is strongly regulated by planting duration. However, the pathways of soil OP turnover in the orchards with different planting years remain largely unknown. This study was conducted in Penglai District, Shandong Province, China, characterized by a warm-temperate continental monsoon climate and brown sandy loam soil. Soil samples were collected from the 0–20 cm layer of vineyards established for 0.5, 4, 16, and 22 years (Y0.5, Y4, Y16, and Y22, respectively). Soil P pools, OP forms determined by solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ACP and ALP), phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities, and the diversity and composition of phoC- and phoD-harboring bacterial communities were analyzed. Differences among vineyard ages were assessed using one-way ANOVA, while principal coordinate analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling were employed to evaluate microbial community variation and the relationships among soil properties, functional bacterial communities, phosphatase activities, and OP forms. We observed that compared with that in Y0.5, total P content in Y4 was significantly lower, whereas available P (AP) content in Y16, and OP content in both Y16 and Y22, were significantly higher. The contents of orthophosphate, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IHP), scyllo-IHP, choline phosphate and corrected monoester (cMonoester) in Y16 and Y22 were significantly higher than that in Y0.5. Soil ACP activity in Y16 was significantly higher than that in Y4, but ALP and PDE activities in Y16 were significantly lower than those in other planting years. The phoC- and phoD-harboring community composition in Y16 was significantly altered, with phoC- and phoD-harboring community α-diversity remarkably increased and decreased, respectively. The phoC- and phoD-harboring community composition was driven by soil pH, AP and cMonoester, with phoD-harboring community composition predicted by the soil C:P ratio. Soil OP transformation is mainly regulated by the activity of PDE and ACP, and the diversity and composition of phoC-harboring communities, in orchards with different planting years.

Organic phosphorus (OP) transformation in perennial vineyards is strongly influenced by long-term cultivation, fertilization, and associated changes in soil properties. However, the relationships among soil OP speciation, phosphatase activities, and phoC- and phoD-harboring bacterial communities remain poorly understood. In this study, soils from 20-year-old vineyards (Y20) and adjacent uncultivated reference sites (CK) in Penglai, China, were compared. Soil available P was significantly higher in Y20 than in CK, increasing from 15.83 to 40.50 mg kg⁻¹, whereas total P, OP, and microbial biomass P did not differ significantly between treatments. The contents of soil orthophosphate and corrected monoesters (cMonoesters) were in the range of 15.34–97.45 and 6.90–24.49 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, and were significantly higher in Y20 than in CK. Among the identified monoesters, the mean concentrations of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IHP), scyllo-IHP, and choline phosphate in Y20 were 4.12, 0.69 and 0.69 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, significantly higher than those observed in CK. The Y20 soils also exhibited 17.94% higher acid phosphomonoesterase (ACP) activity and 28.05% lower alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) activity than the CK soils. Furthermore, the α-diversity of phoC-harboring bacteria was lower in Y20, whereas the composition of phoD-harboring communities differed significantly between the two land-use types. Correlation analyses showed that soil OP forms correlated positively with ACP activity and phoD community composition, but negatively with ALP activity. Overall, the differences between Y20 and CK suggest that long-term vineyard cultivation was associated with increased P availability through redistribution among soil P forms and with the accumulation of relatively stable cMonoesters. These patterns were closely related to phosphomonoesterase activities and the composition of phoD-harboring bacterial communities. These findings highlight the potential interactions among P speciation, phosphatase activities, and functional microbial communities in vineyard soils and provide hypotheses for further investigation of P transformation processes.

Plant resilience to abiotic stress is primarily dependent on the synthesis as well as the buildup of specific proteins that facilitate stress adaptation. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are essential for preserving cellular homeostasis when cells are exposed to stressful conditions. Currently, the HSP families are present in many higher plant species. Among them, the 70 kDa (HSP70s) and 90 kDa (HSP90s) heat shock proteins participate in essential processes related to plant growth, development, and stress adaptation; however, their regulatory mechanisms in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) have yet to be elucidated. This study detected 11 HSP70 and 6 HSP90 genes in the sweet cherry genome and analyzed their physicochemical traits and similarities. Various bioinformatics tools were used to predict gene structure, phylogenetic trees, subcellular localization, and cis-elements of promoters. According to predictive experiments, HSP70 and HSP90 contribute to the regulation of various abiotic stress responses in sweet cherry plants. Using real-time quantitative PCR, HSP70 and HSP90 were detected in multiple organs, displaying partially overlapping but distinct expression patterns in response to various abiotic stresses. The findings of this study revealed the structural characteristics and expression dynamics of heat shock protein genes in sweet cherry under abiotic stress.