Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising antimicrobial agents, yet optimizing their synthesis and understanding their biological mechanisms remain crucial challenges. This study reports the synthesis of AgNPs using Xanthoceras sorbifolia leaf and flower extracts, leveraging their phytochemical composition for green synthesis. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 38 metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenols, which served as reducing and stabilizing agents. Optimized synthesis conditions included pH 9, an extract concentration of 10 mg mL^-1, silver nitrate concentrations of 12 mM (leaf) and 10 mM (flower), and temperatures of 80 °C (leaf) and 70-80 °C (flower). AgNPs exhibited a uniform spherical shape, with mean diameters of 9.22 ± 1.97 nm (leaf-AgNPs) and 7.46 ± 1.58 nm (flower-AgNPs). Moreover, they demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with leaf-AgNPs showing superior efficacy (MIC: 16 μg mL^-1) compared with flower-AgNPs (MIC: 32 μg mL^-1). Furthermore, both types of AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects against 4T1 and KYSE-150 cell lines through reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity, with leaf-AgNPs showing enhanced effectiveness. These findings demonstrate the potential of X. sorbifolia-derived AgNPs as promising candidates for biomedical applications, particularly as antimicrobial agents with potent cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.

The effective healing of chronic wounds requires balancing antimicrobial activity with tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed a novel, eco-friendly synthesis method using Artemisia argyi extract to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), addressing toxicity concerns associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods. Through optimization of multiple synthesis parameters, monodisperse spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 6.76 ± 0.27 nm were successfully obtained. Plant-derived compounds from Artemisia argyi extract acted as efficient mediators for both reduction and stabilization, yielding nanoparticles with high crystallinity. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and 32 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, while maintaining high biocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts at concentrations ≤ 8 μg/mL. When integrated into polylactic acid/collagen type I (PLA/Col1) nanofibrous matrices, the optimized 0.03% AgNPs/PLA/Col1 dressing significantly accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model, achieving 94.62 ± 2.64% wound closure by day 14 compared to 65.81 ± 1.80% observed in untreated controls. Histological analyses revealed a dual-functional mechanism wherein controlled silver ion release provided sustained antibacterial protection, while concurrently promoting tissue regeneration characterized by enhanced collagen deposition, reduced inflammation, and increased neovascularization. This innovative approach effectively addresses critical challenges in diabetic wound care by providing simultaneous antimicrobial and regenerative functions within a single biomaterial platform.