This work describes the development of a method for the extraction of methylxanthines from cocoa bean shell (CBS) by employing the novel Energized Dispersive Guided Extraction (EDGE) system. The mixtures were composed of ethanol–methanol–water and the ratio was optimized using a simplex-centroid design. Doehlert design (DD) was used to optimize the variables of temperature and time while using methylxanthine content obtained by HPLC-DAD as an analytical response. The optimized mixture consisted of water–ethanol in a 3:2 ratio. The optimum operating conditions for extraction were achieved at a temperature of 148.5 °C and 382 s. Under optimal conditions, 20.14 mg g⁻¹ DM of theobromine and 3.53 mg g⁻¹ DM of caffeine were found in the CBS extract. Methylxanthines were quantified with good linearity, LOQs, LODs, precision, and accuracy. The EDGE system, a newly automated extraction instrument, has proven to be very efficient for the recovery of theobromine and caffeine, and is considered a green extraction procedure, as demonstrated by the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation.

In this review, we present the versatility of biomass and its derivatives obtained through thermal conversion processes (biochar and hydrochar) for applications in the development of electrochemical devices. This work highlights the generation of carbonaceous materials through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, in addition to proposing strategies to modify their physicochemical properties through activation methodologies to enhance their application as electrode materials. The processes of monitoring and degrading chemical species are discussed based on the diversity of electrodes that can be obtained with these bioderived coals, according to recent contributions available in the literature (2020-2023), which show the wide applicability of these materials in the field of electrochemistry

Oilseed extraction is usually assessed by oil yield alone, with the residual solid treated as a by-product. This study compared microwave-assisted extraction (MAE; 50 °C, 175 W, 45 min) with Soxhlet extraction (78.5 °C, 8 h), both using ethanol, as fractionation routes for licuri (Syagrus coronata), an underused Caatinga oilseed, characterizing both process streams on a common mass basis. Soxhlet gave the higher oil yield (63.64 versus 53.27 g/100 g kernel), whereas MAE raised time-based productivity 8.9-fold under the standard operating conditions of each apparatus; mass balances closed at 97.3% and 95.0%. The productivity gain required a 3.4-fold higher initial ethanol charge. Fatty acid composition, protein and ash contents were equivalent between the two routes, and saponification values matched the value calculated from the fatty acid profile to within 1%. The routes differed in the minor bioactive fraction of the oil and in the composition and functionality of the solid: the MAE oil carried 4.5-fold more α-tocotrienol and 11.8-fold more β-carotene at a lower peroxide value, while the MAE solid carried 67% more phenolics and absorbed 27% more water. Per 100 g of kernel processed, MAE delivered 1.86-fold more phenolics and 1.74-fold more ferric-reducing capacity despite its lower oil yield. Both MAE streams were incorporated into cassava starch formulations as a proof of concept.