Shimao City is considered an important political and religious center during the Late Neolithic Longshan period of the Middle Yellow River basin. The genetic history and population dynamics among the Shimao and other ancient populations, especially the Taosi-related populations, remain unknown. Here, we sequenced 172 complete mitochondrial genomes, ranging from the Yangshao to Longshan period, from individuals related to the Shimao culture in northern Shaanxi Province and Taosi culture in southern Shanxi Province, Middle Yellow River basin. Our results show that the populations inhabiting Shimao City had close genetic connections with an earlier population in the Middle Neolithic Yangshao period of northern Shaanxi Province, revealing a mostly local origin for the Shimao Society. In addition, among the populations in other regions of the Yellow River basin, the Shimao-related populations had the closest maternal affinity with the contemporaneous Taosi populations from the Longshan period. The Shimao-related populations also shared more affinity with present-day northern Han populations than with the minorities and southern Han in China. Our study provides a new perspective on the genetic origins and structure of the Shimao people and the population dynamics in the Middle Yellow River basin during the Neolithic period.

Carbon nano-materials have been widely used in many fields due to their electron transport, mechanics, and gas adsorption properties. This paper introduces the structure and properties of carbon nano-materials the preparation of carbon nano-materials by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD)—which is one of the most common preparation methods—and reaction simulation. A major factor affecting the material structure is its preparation link. Different preparation methods or different conditions will have a great impact on the structure and properties of the material (mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetism, etc.). The main influencing factors (precursor, substrate, and catalyst) of carbon nano-materials prepared by CVD are summarized. Through simulation, the reaction can be optimized and the growth mode of substances can be controlled. Currently, numerical simulations of the CVD process can be utilized in two ways: changing the CVD reactor structure and observing CVD chemical reactions. Therefore, the development and research status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for CVD are summarized, as is the potential of combining experimental studies and numerical simulations to achieve and optimize controllable carbon nano-materials growth.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge is an oil-bearing shrub native to China, whose seeds are rich in oil and can be used for extracting edible oil. The primary extraction methods for Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge oil (XSBO) include pressing, solvent extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE), micro-wave-assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO₂). This review not only compares the advantages and disadvantages of these oil extraction techniques regarding extraction principles, oil yield efficiency, and cost-effectiveness but also reviews the existing purification processes for the active components in oil. XSBO exhibits various health benefits, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. In particular, it contains a special component called nervonic acid, which rarely exists in other plant oils, and has garnered significant attention for its potential in alleviating the impact of neurological diseases. XSBO has been widely applied in food, pharmaceuticals, and health supplements. However, the underlying mechanisms of its bioactive functions have not been fully elucidated, and there is limited research on encapsulation techniques, which restricts its application in food and pharmaceutical health products. Further studies in this domain can focus on purification processes, identifying the precise mechanism of action, to achieve efficient development and utilization of XSBO.

Specialty oilseeds, encompassing herbaceous (sunflower, flaxseed, sesame) and woody (Camellia oleifera, walnut, olive) species, serve as important sustainable sources of plant proteins that are inherently enriched with structurally diverse endogenous polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid, lignans, catechins, and ellagitannins. During processing, these polyphenols drive covalent or non-covalent interactions that profoundly reshape the physicochemical and functional properties of the resulting food systems. While prior reviews have largely remained descriptive or focused on single commodities or model proteins, this work provides the first critical, multiscale synthesis across herbaceous and woody oilseeds. We systematically compare polyphenol diversity, delineate the continuum from reversible non-covalent association (specific residue-level vs. non-specific surface-mediated) to irreversible covalent coupling, and establish a “structure–interaction–function” framework that explicitly defines a condition-dependent “Processing Window”. Within this window, moderate interactions enhance interfacial viscoelasticity, oxidative stability, foaming, and emulsification; excessive cross-linking, however, impairs solubility, digestibility, and sensory quality. By integrating experimental spectroscopy (UV-vis, FT-IR, CD, ITC), microscopic imaging, and computational simulations (molecular docking and dynamics), we map residue-level binding modes directly to macroscopic functional outcomes. Furthermore, the review evaluates the engineering potential of these complex systems in frontier applications such as antioxidant emulsions and active packaging. By explicitly identifying evidence boundaries and quantitative knowledge gaps in endogenous matrices, this work provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the precision design and valorization of specialty oilseed-derived functional ingredients.