Urban biodiversity, although often underestimated, plays a key role in providing vital ecosystem services such as climate regulation, air purification and others. However, anthropogenic pressures, including rapid urbanization and land use changes, exacerbate the effects of climate change, and seriously threaten these services. This bibliometric review aims to analyze research conducted between 1990 and 2024 on urban biodiversity assessment and management, ecosystem services, and the impacts of climate change. The Publish or Perish 8 (PoPe) software is used because of its information and its flexibility of use for the different analyses, which are processed with the Excel 2013 software. Out of 1,644 publications with PoPe, 345 are select after clearance and subsequently analyze. The year 2017 marks the most prolific year of publication of articles for the mixing of concepts: “biodiversity”, “ecosystem services”, “urban dynamics” and “climate change”. From 1990 to 1996, we noted a low rate of articles according to these concepts throughout the world and it was in 2019 and 2020 that scientific research gained momentum in the Asian continent (128 publications) and more precisely in China (22.33 %) and India (7.86 %). Through these publications (articles, books, conferences and others), the publisher having been cited the most is Elsevier (17,359 citations). From the sampled publications, researchers in the assessment and management of biodiversity (33.41 %), the mapping and modeling of ecosystem services (27.27 %) as well as the dynamics of land use in urban areas (21.13 %) and the impacts of climate change (18.19 %) used various methods. These different methodological approaches were chosen based on the objective and year of the research, the availability of resources and the reliability of the results. This review has a capital importance in the sense that it provides a range of information regarding urban ecology.

La commune Tchaoudjo 1 est confrontée à de graves défis liés au changement climatique, à l’urbanisation non maîtrisée et à la pression anthropique, entraînant une dégradation significative de l’écosystème local et compromettant la qualité de vie, les moyens de subsistance et la résilience des populations. Une étude a été menée auprès de 152 personnes, de 4 autorités locales, ainsi que par des entretiens avec certaines ONG, associations et groupements de femmes. Après traitements statistiques descriptives et analytiques des données avec le logiciel SPSS, les résultats montrent que les services d’approvisionnement les plus importants sont les propriétés médicinales (99 %) et les produits forestiers non ligneux (97 %). Pour les services de régulation, dominent la purification de l’air (96,7 %) et l’atténuation des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes (46,7 %). Concernant les services culturels, l’aspect spirituel et religieux reste le moins important (46,1 %). Les principales menaces identifiées sont le changement climatique (37 %) et la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, qui fragilisent directement les moyens de subsistance. Les initiatives d’adaptation locales reposent majoritairement sur le reboisement. Ainsi, les IAbE (Initiatives d’Adaptation basées sur les Écosystèmes) recensées favorisent surtout les services de soutien, considérés comme le socle des services écosystémiques et garants des conditions nécessaires à la vie. Il apparait donc impératif et urgent de prendre en compte ces résultats et préoccupations locales pour la planification future des actions d’écologie urbaine à Tchaoudjo 1 et dans d’autres communes.

African cities are undergoing significant changes with multiple social, economic, and environmental consequences. This study aims to assess the spatio-temporal changes in land cover in the city of Kpalimé (Togo) between 1985 and 2024, in order to analyze urban expansion, its landscape impacts, and its future prospects. The approach is based on the use of Landsat satellite data (TM, ETM+, OLI/TIRS) from 1985, 2000, 2015, and 2024, downloaded from the Google Earth Engine platform, and on the use of remote sensing indices (NDVI, NDBI, BU), combined with supervised classification (MLC) using ArcGIS 10.4. Four land cover classes were distinguished: Agglomerations, Crops/fallows, bare soil, and forest lands. Eight (8) landscape ecology indicators were calculated, including dominance (pland), aggregation (ai, clumpy), fragmentation and connectivity (np, cohesion), plot morphology (Frac_mn), and diversity (shdi, sidi). The accuracy of the classifications was deemed satisfactory (84.6% to 94%), with Kappa coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.92, ensuring the reliability of the results. The analyzes highlight a significant increase in agglomerations, which rose from 429.07 ha (5.13%) in 1985 to 1,624.26 ha (44.11%) in 2024, representing a gain of 1,195.19 ha. This growth was concentrated primarily between 2000 and 2015 (779.84 ha), a period characterized by intense land pressure and uncontrolled urbanization. After a prolonged decline, crops/fallows have recently rebounded (528.28 ha between 2015 and 2024), while forestlands, initially expanding, have experienced a significant decrease (-1106.6 ha between 2015 and 2024) due to human pressures and increasing urbanization. Landscape indicators confirm increased fragmentation of the urban fabric at the turn of the millennium, followed by a process of consolidation and densification, characteristic of evolving urban dynamics. Predictive modeling, carried out using Markov chains (MOLUSCE plugin for QGIS 3.40), projects an expansion of built-up areas to 2119.02 ha (57.58%) by 2050, confirming the trend of accelerated urbanization at the expense of natural and agricultural areas. These results highlight a crucial issue for the urban and environmental planning of Kpalimé. They emphasize the urgent need to develop integrated territorial policies capable of guiding urban growth while preserving the ecological functions and agricultural resources essential to the sustainability and resilience of the city.