Although numerous COVID-19 vaccines are effective against COVID-19 infection and variants of concern (VOC) in the real world, it is imperative to obtain evidence of the corresponding vaccine effectiveness (VE). This study estimates the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines against COVID-19 infection and determines the influence of different virus variants on VE by using test-negative design (TND) studies. We systematically searched for published articles on the efficacy of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against COVID-19 infection. Two researchers independently selected and extracted data from eligible studies. We calculated the VE associated with different vaccine types, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and vaccination statuses, using an inverse variance random-effects model. We selected 19 eligible studies in the meta-analysis from 1651 records. For the partially vaccinated group, the VE of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 was 61% and 78% against COVID-19 infection, respectively. For the completely vaccinated group, the VE of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 was 90% and 92% against COVID-19 infection, respectively. During subgroup analyses, the overall VE of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against the Delta variant was 53% and 71%, respectively, for the partially vaccinated group; the respective VE values were 85% and 91% for the fully vaccinated group. Irrespective of the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines, the Delta variant significantly weakened vaccine protection for the partially vaccinated group, while full vaccination was highly effective against COVID-19 infection and various VOC. The mRNA-1273 vaccine is more effective against COVID-19 infection and VOC than the BNT162b2 vaccine, especially for the partially vaccinated group. Overall, the results provide recommendations for national and regional vaccine policies.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases constitute a crucial focus for the health of both humans and animals worldwide. Although numerous studies on tick-borne diseases have been conducted in China, reports on tick-borne pathogens in ticks and rodents from the China–Vietnam border are scarce. In this study, we investigated tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Rickettsia, Anaplasmataceae, and Borrelia, in nine rodents (Rattus norvegicus) and 88 ticks collected from cattle and rodents in Jingxi, a city at the China–Vietnam border. Through molecular detection and sequence analysis, four known tick-borne pathogens were identified. Specifically, Rickettsia japonica was detected in 46.3% (37/80) of Haemaphysalis cornigera; Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis were identified in one Ixodes granulatus and one rodent, respectively; and Borrelia valaisiana was detected in two I. granulatus. Additionally, a potentially novel species of Rickettsia, provisionally named Rickettsia sp. JX, was detected in 41.3% (33/80) of Ha. cornigera, one Rhipicephalus microplus, three I. granulatus, and nine rodents, whereas a potentially novel species of Borrelia, tentatively named Borrelia sp. JX, was detected in one I. granulatus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on tick-borne bacterial pathogens in ticks and rodents from the China–Vietnam border. These results expand the knowledge of the geographical distribution and vector diversity of tick-borne bacterial pathogens in China and are conducive to the evaluation of thee potential public health risk.