Perovskite solar cells in aerospace applications are promising due to their high power output, radiation tolerance, and ability to extend spacecraft operational lifetimes. Numerical modelling is widely used to optimize solar cells as it can predict the real-world behavior of a device. In this work, we present a numerical simulation of CsMAFA-based perovskite solar cells with monolayer graphene as the front electrode. The model is implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics^® finite-element environment. Graphene is modelled using the Kubo formula to account for its frequency-dependent surface conductivity, and the electromagnetic wavs interface is coupled with the semiconductor module to capture optical–electrical interactions. The influence of absorber layer thickness on the current density is also examined by sweeping the perovskite absorber thickness (300–450 nm). The current voltage characteristic demonstrates higher current density (27 mA/cm²) at an absorber thickness of ~450 nm. Shockley–Read–Hall recombination (SRH) is studied inside the model and maximum recombination was found to be centred in the absorber layer. The graphene/HTL side shows an SRH recombination of 2 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³ s⁻¹, which is much lower than what is typically seen at ITO-based HTL interfaces.

This study investigates the state of the art related to the computational methods for solar cells. Numerical modeling is a basic pillar that is used to ensure the robust design of any device. In this paper, the results of a detailed science mapping-based analysis on the publications that focus on the “numerical modelling of solar cells” are presented. The query was conducted on the Web of Science for 2014–2024, and a subsequent filtering was performed. The results of this analysis provided the answers to the five research questions posed. The paper has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the literature search began with a broad examination, and 3259 studies were included in the analysis. To present the results in a visual form, graphs created using VOS viewer software have been used to identify the pattern of co-authorship, the geographical distribution of the authors, and the keywords most frequently used. In the second part, the analysis focused on three main aspects: (i) the influence of absorber layer thickness on optical absorption and device efficiency, (ii) the role of different ETL/HTL materials in charge transport, and (iii) the effect of illumination conditions on carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance. By integrating the results across these dimensions, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how these parameters collectively determine the efficiency and reliability of perovskite solar cells.

Multijunction solar cells employing a GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction configuration are the dominant technology for space photovoltaic applications. The choice of an efficient electrode is crucial in solar cells, as it enables effective charge carrier collection and transport while allowing maximum light to reach the active layer. Indium tin oxide (ITO)/graphene hybrid electrodes have emerged as smart transparent conductors offering significant advantages over conventional brittle ITO films. Graphene electrodes were prepared by cold-wall chemical vapor deposition and ITO electrodes were commercially obtained and used as a base for hybrid ITO/graphene electrodes. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful integration and characteristic G and 2D bands on the ITO surface. Nanoscale current mapping via Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA-AFM) verified continuous conductive pathways throughout the film with ~60% increase in nanoscale tunneling current at graphene/ITO interfaces, indicating improved local charge transport pathways. These results demonstrate the suitability of ITO/graphene hybrid electrodes a promising material for multijunction solar cells and other aerospace technologies.