To validate the potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic role of sita- and vildagliptin, five different experimental models were used in mice: i) mustard oil-induced ear edema, ii) neutrophil accumulation, iii) mechanical and iv) thermal touch sensitivity in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis and v) capsaicin-induced plasma extravasation in the urinary bladder. For the complete examination period in i) the dose of 10mg sitagliptin as well as 1-10mg vildagliptin was found to significantly decrease ear edema as compared to positive control (p<0.05, n=8/group). All doses of sitagliptin provided an anti-inflammatory effect p<0.005 (n=10/group) in test ii) and an analgesic effect in iii) except 3mg. Vildagliptin was similarly effective in test ii) (p<0.005, n=10/group) as sitagliptin, but it failed to affect mechanical touch sensitivity. Unlike mechanical touch sensitivity, both gliptins could beneficially act on the thermal threshold (p<0.05, n=10/group). And only in tests v) could both gliptins reverse inflammation. Further studies are needed to support the suggestion that the utilization of these beneficial effects of gliptins may be considered in the treatment of Type 2 diabetic patients.

Transient receptor potential melastatin-4 (TRPM4) is activated by an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and is expressed on smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It is implicated in the myogenic constriction of cerebral arteries. We hypothesized that TRPM4 has a general role in intracellular Ca²⁺ signal amplification in a wide range of blood vessels. TRPM4 function was tested with the TRPM4 antagonist 9-phenanthrol and the TRPM4 activator A23187 on the cardiovascular responses of the rat, in vivo and in isolated basilar, mesenteric, and skeletal muscle arteries. TRPM4 inhibition by 9-phenanthrol resulted in hypotension and a decreased heart rate in the rat. TRPM4 inhibition completely antagonized myogenic tone development and norepinephrine-evoked vasoconstriction, and depolarization (high extracellular KCl concentration) evoked vasoconstriction in a wide range of peripheral arteries. Vasorelaxation caused by TRPM4 inhibition was accompanied by a significant decrease in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, suggesting an inhibition of Ca²⁺ signal amplification. Immunohistochemistry confirmed TRPM4 expression in the smooth muscle cells of the peripheral arteries. Finally, TRPM4 activation by the Ca²⁺ ionophore A23187 was competitively inhibited by 9-phenanthrol. In summary, TRPM4 was identified as an essential Ca²⁺-amplifying channel in peripheral arteries, contributing to both myogenic tone and agonist responses. These results suggest an important role for TRPM4 in the circulation. The modulation of TRPM4 activity may be a therapeutic target for hypertension. Furthermore, the Ca²⁺ ionophore A23187 was identified as the first high-affinity (nanomolar) direct activator of TRPM4, acting on the 9-phenanthrol binding site.

The inhibition of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is a promising way to intensify anti-tumor responses. In vitro data suggest improved efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in combination with CA-inhibitors in several cancer types. Despite accumulating data on CA-expression, experimental or clinical studies towards B-cell lymphoma therapy are missing. We therefore decided to test the effect of the CA-inhibitor acetazolamide (AA) on the conventional CHOP treatment regimen using the A20/BalbC in vivo syngeneic mouse lymphoma model. Tumor growth characteristics, 18F-MISO-PET activity, histomorphology, cell proliferation, and T-cell immune infiltrate were determined following single or multiple dose combinations. All results point to a significant increase in the anti-tumor effect of CHOP+AA combinations compared with the untreated controls or with the single CHOP or AA treatments. CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell immune infiltrate increased 3–4 times following CHOP+AA combination compared with the classical CHOP protocol. In conclusion, CA-inhibitor AA seems to act synergistically with the anti-tumor treatment CHOP in aggressive lymphoma. Further to a cytotoxic effect, AA and other more selective blockers potentially support tumor-associated immune responses through the modification of the microenvironment. Therefore, CA-inhibitors are promising candidates as adjuvants in support of specific immunotherapies in lymphoma and other malignancies.