Curcumin (CM), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are major curcumin derivatives found in the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and have yielded impressive properties to halt various diseases. In the present study, we carried out a method validation for curcumin derivatives and analyzed the contents simultaneously using HPLC with UV detection. For validation, HPLC was used to estimate linearity, range, specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Results showed a high linearity of the calibration curve, with a coefficient of correlation (R²) for CM, DMC, and BDMC of 0.9999, 0.9999, and 0.9997, respectively. The LOD values for CM, DMC, and BDMC were 1.16, 1.03, and 2.53 ng/μL and LOQ values were 3.50, 3.11, and 7.67 ng/μL, respectively. Moreover, to evaluate the ability of curcumin derivatives to reduce liver lipogenesis and compare curcumin derivatives’ therapeutic effects, a HepG2 cell model was established to analyze their hepatoprotective properties. Regarding the in vivo study, we investigated the effect of DMC, CM, and BDMC on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by a methionine choline deficient (MCD)-diet in the C57BL/6J mice model. From the in vitro and in vivo results, curcumin derivatives alleviated MCD-diet-induced lipid accumulation as well as high triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and the protein and gene expression of the transcription factors related to liver adipogenesis were suppressed. Furthermore, in MCD-diet mice, curcumin derivatives suppressed the upregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our findings indicated that all of the three curcuminoids exerted a hepatoprotective effect in the HepG2 cell model and the MCD-diet-induced NAFLD model, suggesting a potential for curcuminoids derived from turmeric as novel therapeutic agents for NAFLD.

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing and is recognized as a serious health problem. To investigate metabolic changes in an obese model after administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, mice were divided into four groups: normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with treatment fenofibrate, and A. sessiliflorus fruit extract. The liver tissue of mice was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry-based metabolomics. In multivariate statistical analyses, the HFD group was discriminated from the normal diet group, and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit was discriminated from the HFD group. In biomarker analysis between the HFD group and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit, alanine, inosine, formate, pyroglutamate, taurine, and tyrosine, with AUC values of 0.7 or more, were found. The levels of these metabolites were distinguished from the HFD mouse model. Changes in these metabolites were confirmed to act on metabolic pathways related to antioxidant activity.

Korean ginseng has been widely used in Eastern medicine for thousands of years. The contents of the compounds in ginseng roots change depending on the amount of steaming and drying, and the drying method used. Black ginseng (BG) is the Korean ginseng processed by repeated steaming and drying. In this study, 5-year-old fresh Korean ginseng roots were steamed and dried 3 or 5 times, and we investigated how many cycles of steaming and drying are preferable for antivirulence activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As a result, the antivirulence activities was increased by the treatment of BG that was steamed and dried three times, and the effect was further increased by five-time processed BG. Moreover, an ELISA showed that the TNF-α production of RAW264.7 cells stimulated by MRSA supernatants was inhibited by subinhibitory concentrations of BG extract. The expression of Hla, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), an important virulence factor in the pathogenicity of MRSA, was found to decrease when bacterial cells were treated with BG extract. The antivirulence activities of BG were not simply due to pathogen growth inhibition; the BG extract was shown to decrease agrA, hla, sea, and seb expression in MRSA. Therefore, BG strongly reduces the secretion of the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that a BG-based structure may be used for the development of drugs aimed at staphylococcal virulence-related exoproteins. This study suggests that BG could be used as a promising natural compound in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder with significant societal and economic impacts. Current pharmacotherapies for insomnia are often accompanied by side effects, necessitating the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this study, the hypnotic effects and mechanisms of Sedum kamtschaticum 30% ethanol extract (ESK) and one of its active compounds, myricitrin, were investigated using pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), receptor binding assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments revealed that ESK and myricitrin reduced sleep latency and prolonged total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. Based on c-Fos immunostaining, ESK, and myricitrin enhanced the GABAergic neural activity in sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) GABAergic. By measuring the level of GABA released from VLPO GABAergic neurons, ESK and myricitrin were found to increase GABA release in the hypothalamus. These effects were significantly inhibited by SCH. Moreover, ESK exhibited a concentration-dependent binding affinity for the adenosine A_2A receptors (A_2AR). In conclusion, ESK and myricitrin have hypnotic effects, and their underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of A_2AR.

In this study, we sought to evaluate the potential availability of 30% ethanol extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruit (ASE) as a prebiotic and compare the immune enhancement effect of ASE and its fermented products, which were fermented with three probiotic bacteria, namely, Lactobacillus plantarum (ASE-LPF), Streptococcus thermophilus (ASE-STF), and Lactobacillus helveticus (ASE-LHF). RAW264.7 and BV2 cells were treated with various concentrations of ASE and its fermented products. The level of nitric oxide was evaluated using a Griess reagent, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of various proteins related to immune responses. Our results show that fermentation with ASE significantly improved the probiotic growth of S. thermophilus and L. helveticus. Compared with ASE, treatment with only ASE-LHF increased the level of nitric oxide. Compared with ASE, treatment with ASE-LHF augmented the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and the production of inflammatory cytokines. It was confirmed that these enhancement effects were due to the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Additionally, secondary metabolite profiling of ASE and its fermented products was performed using UPLC-QTOF/MS to identify ASE’s promising compounds. Through metabolomic analysis, 23 metabolites showing significant differences between ASE and its fermented products were compared. Therefore, this study demonstrates the possibility of ASE-LHF as a potential material for immune-enhancing agents.

Ginseng sprouts (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are mostly cultivated under controlled indoor conditions, allowing modulation of growth and phytochemical composition through environmental and hormonal treatments. In this study, ¹H NMR and UPLC-QTOF/MS were used to investigate the independent and interactive effects of light intensity and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on primary metabolism and ginsenoside profiles. While GA₃ promoted shoot growth, high light reduced plant height but increased root dry weight. Multivariate analysis of 42 identified primary metabolites and 26 ginsenosides revealed that the primary metabolite profiles are primarily distinguished by GA₃, whereas ginsenoside profiles are more clearly differentiated based on light intensity. GA₃ broadly increased soluble carbohydrates and decreased free amino acids, whereas light intensity had a selective effect on some primary metabolites. In contrast to the limited interaction effects in primary metabolism, significant interactions between light and GA₃ were detected for eight ginsenosides. High-intensity light increased the content of several ginsenosides, including Re, Rg1, Rd, Rb2, and Rc, while decreasing protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides that lack a sophorosyl moiety at C-3. Correlation analysis across the experimental conditions revealed coordinated variation between primary metabolites and ginsenosides, with the most prominent pattern corresponding to the light-response axis. Overall, GA₃ and light intensity exerted distinct but interconnected effects across metabolic layers, providing a framework for understanding how cultivation factors determine growth and phytochemical composition in ginseng sprouts.