This retrospective cohort study evaluated characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes in adults with locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC) receiving first-line (1L) systemic treatment with or without avelumab 1L maintenance (1LM) between January 2020 and July 2023. The index date was the first date with a claim for 1L systemic therapy after a la/mUC diagnosis. Patients with continuous health plan enrollment for ≥6 months before and ≥1 month after the index date were identified from Carelon Research’s Healthcare Integrated Research Database. Of 2820 patients receiving 1L treatment, 37.0% received platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC); 39.0%, immuno-oncology (IO) monotherapy; and 24.0%, other therapies. Renal disease and other comorbidities influenced 1L regimen choice. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs were reported for patients receiving second-line (2L) treatment. HCRU was high in 32.8% of patients (926 of 2820) who received 2L treatment. Median all-cause direct medical costs per patient per month were USD 15,859, USD 19,781, USD 11,346, and USD 9516 for 1L PBC, 1L PBC + avelumab 1LM, 1L IO monotherapy, and 1L other therapies, respectively. Most direct healthcare costs were attributed to all-cause outpatient visits.

B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted therapies were approved for triple-class exposed relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) after ≥4 lines of therapy. This claims-based retrospective analysis examined clinical and economic burden among United States patients who met eligibility for BCMA-targeted therapies and started a new therapy between 1 January 2016 and 30 September 2022. Of 228 eligible patients (median age: 64, 52.6% male, 68.7% White), clinical burden was characterized by prevalent MM-related conditions and complications, and high treatment failure rate (44.7% in 6 months). Hospitalization rate increased from 48.3% to 71.1%, while healthcare costs per-member-per-month increased from $35,964 during 12-month baseline to $41,358 during follow-up (median: 11.8 months). Patients with heavily pre-treated RRMM endure high disease burden and could benefit from novel therapies.