For crop protection, electrostatic spraying technology significantly improves deposition uniformity and pesticide utilization through the “wraparound-adsorption” effect of charged droplets. However, existing electrostatic nozzles using hydraulic atomization suffer from low charge-to-mass ratios due to unclear principles for optimizing electrode parameters. To this end, this study designs and evaluates a novel air-assisted hydraulic-atomization hollow-cone electrostatic nozzle. First, the air-assisted hollow-cone nozzle was designed. High-speed imaging was then employed to obtain morphological parameters of the liquid film (length: 2.14 mm; width: 1.96 mm; and spray angle: 49.25°). Based on these parameters, an electric field simulation model of the electrostatic nozzle was established to analyze the influence of electrode parameters on the charging performance and identify the optimal parameter combination. Finally, feasibility and efficiency evaluation experiments were conducted on the designed electrostatic nozzle. The experimental results demonstrate that cross-sectional dimensions of the electrode exhibit a positive correlation with the surface charge density of the pesticide liquid film. In addition, optimal charging performance is obtained when the electrode plane coincides with the tangent plane of the liquid film leading edge. Based on these charging laws, the optimal electrode parameters were determined as follows: 2.0 × 2.0 mm cross-section with an electrode-to-nozzle tip distance of 3.8 mm. With these parameters, the nozzle achieved a droplet charge-to-mass ratio of 4.9 mC/kg at a charging voltage of 3.0 kV. These charged droplets achieved deposition coverages of 12.19%, 5.72%, and 5.91% on abaxial leaf surfaces in the upper, middle, and lower soybean canopies, respectively, which is a significant improvement in deposition uniformity. This study designed a novel air-assisted hollow-cone electrostatic nozzle, elucidated the optimization principles for annular induction electrodes, and achieved improved spraying performance. The findings contribute to enhanced pesticide application efficiency in crops, providing valuable theoretical guidance and technical references for electrostatic nozzle design and application.

For crop protection, electrostatic spraying technology significantly improves deposition uniformity and pesticide utilization through the "wraparound -adsorption" effect of charged droplets. However, existing hydraulic atomization electrostatic nozzles suffers from low charge-to-mass ratios due to unclear optimization principles for electrode parameters. To this end, this study designs and evaluates a novel air-assisted hydraulic-atomization hollow-cone electrostatic nozzle. First, the air-assisted hollow-cone nozzle was designed. Then, high-speed imaging was employed to obtain liquid film morphological parameters (length: 2.14 mm, width: 1.96 mm, spray angle: 49.25°). Based on these parameters, an electric field simulation model of the electrostatic nozzle was established to analyze the influence of electrode parameters on charging performance and identify the optimal parameter combination. Finally, evaluation experiments were conducted for the feasibility and efficiency of the designed electrostatic nozzle. The experimental results demonstrate that electrode cross-sectional dimensions exhibit a positive correlation with surface charge density of pesticide liquid film. Besides, optimal charging performance will be obtained when the electrode plane coincides with the tangent plane of the liquid film leading edge. Based on these charging laws, the optimal electrode parameters were determined as: 2.0×2.0 mm cross-section with a 3.8 mm distance from nozzle tip to the electrode. With the optimized parameters, the nozzle achieved a droplet charge-to-mass ratio of 4.9 mC/kg under the charging voltage of 3.0 kV. The charged droplets achieved deposition coverages of 12.19%, 5.72%, and 5.91% on abaxial leaf surfaces in the upper, middle, and lower soybean canopy respectively, which is a significant improvement in deposition uniformity. This study provides helpful theoretical guidance and technical references for electrostatic nozzle design and application.

Neutron logging-while-drilling is a nuclear logging technique within the logging-while-drilling (LWD) system, characterized by high sensitivity to hydrogen formation. With the increasing complexity of well trajectories and the development of unconventional oil and gas, it has evolved from a traditional porosity measurement tool into a critical source of real-time information for geosteering and engineering decision-making. From a systems engineering perspective, this paper reviews the physical basis, tool system configuration, data processing methods, and typical engineering applications of LWD neutron logging. It discusses key technical bottlenecks and development trends. The results indicate that multiple interacting factors, including the neutron source, detector configuration, measurement geometry, environmental suppression capability, and interpretation strategy, constrain its performance. The transition from chemical neutron sources to pulsed neutron generators (PNG) represents a critical turning point, improving measurement safety and expanding the range of measurable parameters while simultaneously introducing new engineering challenges such as target material lifetime and long-term stability. Field practice further demonstrates that the main value of LWD neutron logging lies in providing real-time porosity and related information that overcomes physical limitations during drilling, supporting geosteering and real-time reservoir evaluation decisions. Based on current progress, future work will focus on enhancing the reliability of PNG-based neutron sources and developing data processing and intelligent interpretation workflows that integrate physical models with data-driven methods.