Mucosal vaccination offer an advantage over systemic inoculation from the immunological viewpoint. The development of an efficient vaccine is now a priority for emerging diseases such as COVID-19, that was declared a pandemic in 2020 and caused millions of deaths globally. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially Lactobacillus are the vital microbiota of the gut, which is observed as having valuable effects on animals’ and human health. LAB produce lactic acid as the major by-product of carbohydrate degradation and play a significant role in innate immunity enhancement. LAB have significant characteristics to mimic pathogen infections and intrinsically possess adjuvant properties to enhance mucosal immunity. Increasing demand and deliberations are being substantially focused on probiotic organisms that can enhance mucosal immunity against viral diseases. LAB can also strengthen their host’s antiviral defense system by producing antiviral peptides, and releasing metabolites that prevent viral infections and adhesion to mucosal surfaces. From the perspectives of “one health” and the use of probiotics, conventional belief has opened up a new horizon on the use of LAB as antivirals. The major interest of this review is to depict the beneficial use of LAB as antivirals and mucosal immunity enhancers against viral diseases.

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease that deteriorates the quality and quantity of milk, leading to poor performance and economic losses for the county's dairy farmers. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a value-added product of blood that contains higher levels of platelet count in comparison to the blood. Platelets secrete growth factors that could positively impact clinical circumstances, needed speedy healing, and proper tissue regeneration. The extended usage of antibiotics is leading to serious health-associated concerns, such as drug residues in milk and milk products, and elevated trends of resistance to antibiotics. Considering the scenario, it is aimed to find a different management plan for mastitis using PRP as an alternative treatment option. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is an alternative therapy for the treatment of Bubaline Mastitis. For this purpose, three treatment groups, i.e., the antibiotic group, the antibiotic and PRP group, and the PRP group, were evaluated. The data concluded that PRP, independently and along with judicious use of antibiotics, could be a helpful management option to address the inflammatory response and microbial adherence to the lining of udder tissues. Correlation and regression analysis also concluded a significant relationship between antibiotics and PRP. Optimization via response surface methodology also concludes that certain antibiotics at their recommended doses, along with PRP treatment, significantly reduce Bubaline mastitis in buffaloes. This study may be replicated in other domestic animals, such as sheep and goat, to evaluate their efficacy against mastitis to enhance the usage of PRP in different species.