The Risley prism system offers advantages such as compact structure and excellent dynamic performance, making it suitable for installation on static and motion platforms for target acquisition, aiming, and tracking. This paper presents a strapdown line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization method for the Risley prism system on motion platforms. The method establishes the coordinate transformation between the Risley prism and the motion platform. Real-time platform attitude angles from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) are used to compute the direction cosine matrix, which, combined with the coordinate transformation, determines the target’s actual guided position in the Risley prism’s coordinate. The Risley prism’s rotational angles are then calculated based on the target’s actual guided position to ensure LOS stability and capture the target. After LOS stabilization, an image-based closed-loop tracking cascade control system that integrates a Risley prism and a fast steering mirror with a single image detector (IBCLTCR-F), is used to enable fast and high-precision target tracking. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves disturbance rejection of −32.8 dB, −28.8 dB, and −17.3 dB for platform disturbances at 0.05 Hz, 0.2 Hz, and 0.5 Hz, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the Risley prism system, the IBCLTCR-F system improves the dynamic response capability of target tracking in the nonlinear region by a factor of 10 and reduces the tracking error by 70%.

Image-based closed-loop tracking (IBCLT) is an important part of the process of target tracking. The Risley prism system has a unique advantage in improving the target tracking ability because of its compact and lightweight structure. Compared with traditional target tracking equipment, the Risley prism system has two difficulties in the process of IBCLT. First, the Risley prism is a complex coupling system of double input and double output. Second, the Risley prism itself is a nonlinear system. These problems lead to decrease in dynamic response and inconsistent target tracking capabilities. Thus, this paper proposes a method to implement multivariable decoupling and reduce the nonlinear effect. First, the boresight error of IBCLT is decoupled to the azimuth and elevation directions by the rotation matrix error-decoupling (RMED) method. Second, the gains of IBCLT in azimuth and elevation directions are independent variables that comes from two functions of the target elevation angle. The experimental results show that the IBCLT error deviation of different static targets in the field of view is within 0.025 arcsec, which is 70% lower compared with the fixed gain method. Furthermore, the steady-state error deviation of moving targets is controlled within 2.5 arcsec. These experimental results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

At present, the majority of sparse-aperture telescopes (SATs) are unable to observe moving targets. In this paper, we describe the construction of and present the results obtained using a Fizeau directly-imaging sparse-aperture telescope (FDISAT) that permits pointing and the tracking of moving targets. The telescope comprises three sub-apertures, each of which is equipped with a Risley prism system that permits a maximum tracking range of 5° and has independent boresight adjustment capability. On targets in various positions, experiments with pointing and tracking are conducted. The maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of pointing in the sub-apertures was found to be 8.22 arcsec. When considering a target moving at 0.01°/s for approximately 320 s, the maximum RMSE of tracking in the sub-apertures was found to be 4.23 arcsec. The images obtained from the focal plane detector exhibit clear interference fringes while tracking. The experimental results demonstrate that the system can effectively track moving targets, providing a method for SAT observation of moving targets.