Today, many eye diseases jeopardize our everyday lives, such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and Glaucoma. Glaucoma is an incurable and unavoidable eye disease that damages the vision of optic nerves and quality of life. Classification of Glaucoma has been an active field of research for the past ten years. Several approaches for Glaucoma classification are established, beginning with conventional segmentation methods and feature-extraction to deep-learning techniques such as Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). In contrast, CNN classifies the input images directly using tuned parameters of convolution and pooling layers by extracting features. But, the volume of training datasets determines the performance of the CNN; the model trained with small datasets, overfit issues arise. CNN has therefore developed with transfer learning. The primary aim of this study is to explore the potential of EfficientNet with transfer learning for the classification of Glaucoma. The performance of the current work compares with other models, namely VGG16, InceptionV3, and Xception using public datasets such as RIM-ONEV2 & V3, ORIGA, DRISHTI-GS1, HRF, and ACRIMA. The dataset has split into training, validation, and testing with the ratio of 70:15:15. The assessment of the test dataset shows that the pre-trained EfficientNetB4 has achieved the highest performance value compared to other models listed above. The proposed method achieved 99.38% accuracy and also better results for other metrics, such as sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1_score, Kappa score, and Area Under Curve (AUC) compared to other models.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a severe consequence of diabetes, dramatically enhances the likelihood of experiencing vision impairment. Timely identification is crucial for efficient intervention, as untreated diabetic retinopathy can progress to irreversible vision loss. Despite advances, existing diagnostic methods face challenges such as resource dependency, variability in accuracy, and limited accessibility, especially in underserved regions. This study pioneers an innovative framework, using Multi-Scale Discriminative Robust Local Binary Pattern (MS-DRLBP) features, combined with a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Radial Basis Function (CNN-RBF) classifier, to enhance the detection of DR. Inspired by principles of randomization-based learning, our approach incorporates elements of stochastic modeling within the CNN-RBF architecture to optimize feature extraction and classification, mirroring the efficiency of non-iterative training processes. We enhance the model’s diagnostic capability through complex image preprocessing techniques, such as improved noise reduction and morphological approaches. Additionally, we use Otsu’s thresholding method to segment blood vessels accurately. Our methodology demonstrates superior performance in DR screening, significantly exceeding traditional diagnostic methods. Specifically, our precision reached 96.10%, sensitivity was 95.35%, specificity achieved 97.06%, and accuracy was 96.10%. This research enhances the precision of DR diagnosis by applying it to different publicly accessible datasets. It contributes to the broader discourse on the potential of hybrid, randomization-inspired neural networks in medical imaging. This fusion of deep learning innovation with the principles of randomization-based algorithms opens new avenues for developing accessible, accurate diagnostic tools, potentially alleviating the global impact of diabetic vision loss.

Glaucoma frequently called as the "noiseless hoodlum of sight". The main source of visual impairment worldwide beside Diabetic Retinopathy is Glaucoma. It is discernible by augmented pressure inside the eyeball result in optic disc harm and moderate however beyond any doubt loss of vision. As the renaissance of the worsened optic nerve filaments isn't suitable medicinally, glaucoma regularly goes covered up in its patients anticipating later stages. All around it is assessed that roughly 60.5 million individuals beyond 40 years old experience glaucoma in 2010. This number potentially will lift to 80 million by 2020. Late innovation in medical imaging provides effective quantitative imaging alternatives for the identification and supervision of glaucoma. Glaucoma order can be competently done utilizing surface highlights. The wavelet channels utilized as a part of this paper are daubechies, symlet3 which will expand the precision and execution of classification of glaucomatous pictures. These channels are inspected by utilizing a standard 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) which is utilized to separate features and examine changes. The separated features are sustained into the feed forward neural system classifier that classifies the normal images and abnormal glaucomatous images.