Soja i łubin należą do roślin bobowatych, a ich nasiona są cennym źródłem białka. W związku z tym, ze względu na sukcesywnie rosnącą, w Polsce i innych krajach Unii Europejskiej, produkcję zwierzęcą propagowane jest zwiększanie powierzchni uprawy tych roślin, zwłaszcza w kontekście bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. Jednak, by rolnicy chętnie prowadzili ich uprawę powinna być ona opłacalna. Celem badań była ocena efektywności ekonomicznej uprawy soi i łubinu słodkiego w gospodarstwach indywidualnych w Polsce. Dane dotyczące produkcji, kosztów bezpośrednich i nakładów związanych z uprawą soi i łubinu zebrano w 2015 i 2017 roku w systemie AGROKOSZTY. Dane o kosztach pośrednich pochodziły z Polskiego FADN. W opracowaniu wykorzystano głównie pionową analizę porównawczą. Wykazano, że w 2017 roku uprawa obu rozpatrywanych gatunków generowała wyższe dochody niż w 2015 roku. Jednakże uprawa łubinu słodkiego była opłacalna w 2015 i w 2017 roku, podczas gdy uprawa soi jedynie w 2017 roku.

The main aim of this study was to determine the share of Polish household income allocated to energy, taking into account socioeconomic diversity and income quintile distribution, as well as to identify changes in the burden of energy expenditures on budgets. The importance of this topic stems from the energy transformation of the European Union and the significant increase in energy prices in recent years, which may exacerbate existing energy poverty in Poland. The study utilized numerical data on household budgets published within Polish public statistics. The following measures were used: mean, quintiles, structure indicators, and fixed- and chain-based indices, as well as the relationship between income and expenditure (correlation coefficients). The research was conducted using data from 2014–2022 or selected years within this period. The highest share of energy expenditures in total expenditures was recorded among households of annuitants and farmers. However, annuitant households have the lowest incomes and are most vulnerable to energy poverty. The disparity in energy expenditure between the wealthiest and poorest households has narrowed. Educational efforts on energy efficiency in households should therefore continue, alongside the development of support mechanisms for those with the lowest incomes.

This research focused on the development of small farms, which in many countries form the basis of the agricultural sector. The specifics of this type of farm, as well as the way in which they operate, influence the possibilities for these farms to realise the model of sustainable agriculture. This study considers income and the rate of reproduction of fixed assets as the main measures of farm development, which are influenced by a number of endo- and exogenous factors. The research period covered 2017–2021, and the subjects of analysis were small individual farms located in Greece, Portugal, Lithuania, and Poland. The figures for the research were taken from the FADN system database. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of endogenous agricultural factors on the development of small farms as measured by farm income and reproduction of fixed assets in four selected European Union (EU) countries, i.e., Greece, Portugal, Lithuania, and Poland. Spearman’s non-parametric rank correlation method was used to assess the impact of endogenous factors. Selected on the basis of correlation relationships, the farm development factors showed a significantly higher correlation with farm income than with the reproduction of the farm’s fixed assets. The analysis indicated that, irrespective of the location of the farm, factors significantly affecting income levels included the area of agricultural land and the number of full-time employees. Only in some countries was there a statistically significant correlation between farm income and the share of leased land, the number of full-time workers per 100 ha of UAA, the share of hired labour input, as well as the level of total farm subsidies received.

The subsidies for legumes introduced in 2010 resulted in an increase in their cul tivation area, including the area of sweet lupine and fodder pea. The cultivation of lupine is usually carried out on soils of the rye complex, similarly to winter rye, while the cultivation of peas – on soils of...