Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) are key regulators of metabolism and mitochondrial quality control. This study assessed their immunoexpression in 22 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and resected brain metastases who underwent curative treatment between 2007 and 2017 and evaluated their prognostic significance. Tissue microarrays of primary tumors and matched metastases were analyzed using the H-score method. PI3K expression was significantly higher in primary tumors (96.8 ± 57.9 vs. 43.5 ± 62.3; p = 0.003) and in stage IV adenocarcinomas (113.3 ± 56.3 vs. 61.4 ± 47.1; p = 0.043). PINK1 expression showed no significant variation across disease stages. Univariate analysis identified older age (>55 years), PI3K overexpression (HR = 7.791, 95% CI 1.718–36.432; >50 points), and PINK1 overexpression (>100 points) in primary tumors as predictors of poor overall survival (HR = 2.236, 95% CI 1.109–4.508; p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis confirmed PINK1 overexpression in primary tumors as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 4.328, 95% CI 1.264–14.814; p = 0.020). These findings suggest that PI3K and PINK1 may serve as prognostic biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma with resected brain metastases, emphasizing the need for research on their role in tumor progression and therapeutic response.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) are key regulators of metabolism and mitochondrial quality control. This study assessed their immunoexpression in 22 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and resected brain metastases treated with curative intent (2007–2017) and evaluated their prognostic significance. Tissue microarrays of primary tumors and matched metastases were analyzed using the H-score method. PI3K expression was significantly higher in primary tumors than in metastases (96.8 ± 57.9 vs. 43.5 ± 62.3; p = 0.003) and in stage IV adenocarcinomas (113.3 ± 56.3 vs. 61.4 ± 47.1; p = 0.043). PINK1 expression showed no significant variation across disease stages. Univariate analysis identified older age (>55 years), PI3K overexpression (HR = 7.791, 95% CI 1.718–36.432; >50 points), and PINK1 overexpression (>100 points) in primary tumors as predictors of poor overall survival (HR = 2.236, 95% CI 1.109–4.508; p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis confirmed PINK1 overexpression in primary tumors as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 4.328, 95% CI 1.264–14.814; p = 0.020). These findings suggest that PI3K and PINK1 may serve as prognostic biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma with brain metastases, highlighting the need for research on their role in tumor progression and therapeutic response.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 181 OSCC patients, analyzing clinical outcomes in terms of disease‐specific survival (DSS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Results: In multivariate analysis, T classification, LVI, and PNI were independent predictors of nodal metastasis, while nodal metastasis and extranodal extension were independent predictors of DSS, and T classification and nodal status were independent predictors of DFS. In N1 cases, LVI was significantly associated with poorer DSS and DFS. Survival was also significantly worse in double‐positive patients (LVI and PNI) compared with double‐negative or single‐positive cases. Conclusion: The presence of LVI and/or PNI is an independent risk factor for node metastasis, even when accounting for other factors such as DOI. N1 tumors with LVI show significantly poorer DSS and DFS, regardless of extranodal extension.