The mechanisms by which talking therapies exert their beneficial effects are largely unknown. In exploring the process of a talking therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), when used to treat and prevent low mood in stroke survivors, we developed, what we believe to be, a novel approach to analyzing transcripts. We illustrate the method using qualitative data from MI sessions with 10 stroke survivors. The approach, drawing on grounded theory, incorporated processes of parallel and serial memoing among a team of researchers to allow a process of validation. This enabled us to describe session content and to develop theoretical interpretations of what was occurring in and across MI sessions. We found that this process can be used to integrate different perspectives in theory building, allowing for a richer description and more robust theoretical interpretation. Others can use and adapt this approach to develop insights into their own inquiry.

We applied Motivational Interviewing (MI) techniques, early after stroke, to facilitate psychological adjustment to life post-stroke. In our trial, MI-plus-usual-care increased the likelihood of normal mood at 3-months post-stroke, compared to usual-care alone. Whilst appropriate training, manuals, and supervision may increase adherence to core principles of this complex intervention, unintended variability in implementation inevitably remains. We aimed to explore the impact of variability on participant outcome. Using our trial data (411 participants), we explored variation in MI delivery, examining: therapist characteristics (stroke care expertise/knowledge, psychology training); MI content (fidelity to MI techniques assessed with Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code, describing therapist behaviours as MI-consistent, MI-neutral or MI-inconsistent); and MI dose (number/duration of sessions). The four MI therapists (two nurses/two psychologists) had varying expertise and MI delivery. Across therapists, mean average session duration ranged 29.5–47.8 min. The percentage of participants completing the per-protocol four sessions ranged 47%–74%. These variations were not related to participant outcome. There were uniformly high frequencies (>99%) of MI-consistent and MI-neutral interactions, and low frequencies (<1%) of MI-inconsistent interactions. Variation in therapist characteristics and MI dose did not affect participant outcome. These may have been tolerated due to high fidelity to MI principles.

Background: Psychological problems post-stroke can negatively impact stroke survivors. Although general psychological services exist (e.g., NHS Talking Therapies), access remains limited, particularly for individuals with post-stroke communication and cognitive impairments. Stroke service staff report low confidence in managing psychological distress. This study is the first to explore the barriers and facilitators to implementing a novel intervention package comprising a cross-service care pathway and staff training to enhance post-stroke psychological provision. Methods: Staff from stroke and mental health services in four UK regions, recruited through purposive sampling to ensure diversity of services and professional roles, participated in semi-structured interviews or focus groups, guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), before and after implementation of the intervention package. Pre-implementation interviews/groups identified anticipated barriers and facilitators to implementation and training needs, informing the development of site-specific intervention packages; post-implementation interviews/groups explored experienced barriers, facilitators and perceptions of the intervention. Interviews underwent thematic analysis using the TDF. Results: Fifty-five staff participated pre-implementation and seventeen post-implementation, representing stroke (e.g., nurse, physiotherapist, consultant) and psychology (e.g., counsellor, psychological therapist) roles across acute, rehabilitation, community, and voluntary services. Challenges anticipated pre-implementation included: limited specialist post-stroke psychological support; low staff confidence; and fragmented service pathways. Post-implementation findings indicated increased staff knowledge and confidence, enhanced screening and referral processes, and stronger inter-service collaboration. Implementation success varied across sites (with some sites showing greater ownership and sustainability of the intervention) and across staff roles (with therapy staff more likely than nursing staff to have received training). Conclusions: Effective implementation of an intervention package to increase psychological provision post-stroke requires staff engagement at all levels across all services. Staff investment influenced ownership of the intervention package, beliefs about priorities and overall enhancement of service capability.

Background: Psychological problems post-stroke are common and debilitating, yet insufficient evidence-based psychological support exists for stroke survivors, either in stroke or general mental health services. Many stroke survivors with significant needs remain unsupported. To address this problem, we need pathways to identify, treat and manage psychological difficulties after stroke. The Accelerating Delivery of Psychological Therapies after Stroke (ADOPTS) study aimed to explore the feasibility of collaboratively developing, implementing and evaluating intervention packages (IPs) to facilitate access to, and increase the provision of, psychological support post-stroke. Methods: Stakeholder groups were formed across four sites in north-west England, comprising stroke and psychological services, to collaboratively develop site-specific IPs incorporating a psychological care pathway, staff training, a staff manual for stroke-specific psychological support and supervision. A feasibility stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial recruited patients admitted with stroke during the usual care (pre-implementation of the IP) and intervention (post-implementation) periods. The feasibility of IP implementation and their potential usefulness were evaluated through assessing wellbeing and the support received, and through a process evaluation incorporating interviews with staff, patients and carers. Feasibility evaluation included the recruitment rate and attrition rate; exploratory analysis (mixed-effects linear or logistic regression models) was used to assess the ‘promise’ of the intervention in achieving psychological distress outcomes (mood (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7)), assessed using validated measures at 6 weeks and 6 months. Results: IPs were collaboratively developed at each site but implementation took longer than the per-study-protocol duration of three months. Nineteen training sessions (152 attendees) were delivered for nursing, therapy, NHS Talking Therapies and voluntary staff. Nursing staff were underrepresented due to difficulties with releasing staff. Manuals were developed for each site, incorporating a mood screening and referral algorithm, but these were not finalised at one site. Stroke and NHS Talking Therapies champions were identified in each site to facilitate cross-service staff supervision. A total of 270 patients were recruited over 14 months (133 usual care, 137 intervention), with 227 and 198 at 6 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Stroke staff found the training, manual and pathway helpful, and reported greater confidence in managing and referring psychological issues. NHS Talking Therapies staff found the training useful for adapting their therapy. However, the intervention took longer to implement in all sites, requiring an additional time period to be added to the stepped-wedge design. Conclusions: It is feasible to collaboratively develop and implement IPs for post-stroke psychological support. However, an alternative to the stepped-wedge design used here would be more appropriate for a future study. This study was registered in ISRCTN—the UK’s Clinical Study Registry (trial registration: ISRCTN12868810, registration date: 4 February 2016).

INPLASY202570003 Visual Search Post-Stroke: a Protocol for the Scoping Review of Associated Research Foci and Gaps Keywords: Haemorrhagic Stroke; Intra-cerebral Haemorrhage; Visual neglect; Visual …