Edwardsiellosis, caused by Edwardsiella tarda, poses a significant threat to the aquaculture industry, particularly in pangasius farming. This study investigates the effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and its postbiotic metabolites on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative activity, and disease resistance against E. tarda infection. A total of 240 healthy pangasius (37.0 ± 4.9 g) were divided into four treatment groups with four replicate tanks each, as follows: (1) the Control group, which received feed top-dressed with 100 mL of 0.85% NaCl/kg diet; (2) the Probiotic group, which received feed supplemented with 100 mL of B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cells at the concentration of 1 × 10¹² CFU/kg diet; (3) the Postbiotic group, which received feed supplemented with B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cell-free supernatant 100 mL/kg diet; and (4) the Pro + Post group, which received a combination of B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cells and cell-free supernatant. After 30 days of feeding treatment, biochemical serum analysis revealed a significant increase in the AST/ALT ratio in the Postbiotic group. The Probiotic and Postbiotic treatments increased lysozyme activity in mucus, indicating an innate immune response to pathogens. The Pro + Post group exhibited the highest levels of catalase (CAT) in serum and upregulated antioxidant-related genes. All treatment groups receiving B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360, metabolites, and their combinations showed significant upregulation of immune-related genes, like lygl1, tgfb, b2ml, and tnf. The expression of proinflammatory genes (litaf, ifngr1l, c3, il13, and il1b) increased, with the most pronounced effects observed in the Pro + Post group. The Probiotic group showed significant upregulation of the growth-related gene igf1. Meanwhile, the Pro + Post group showed significantly higher values in SGR and ADG parameters, with values of 3.29 ± 0.98%/day and 1.42 ± 0.52 g/day respectively (p < 0.05). Survival rates were significantly higher in the Pro + Post (87.5%), Postbiotic (84.37%), and Probiotic (81.25%) groups when challenged with E. tarda. Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360, its metabolites, and their combination enhanced immune response, reduced oxidative stress, and improved growth performance in pangasius, highlighting its potential as a functional feed additive for sustainable aquaculture.

Fucoxanthin is a one of carotenoids that contained in brown seaweeds. This compound has been affected to lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity of fucoxanthin of Sargassumechinocarpum on adipocyte by increasing of adiponectin and decreasing of tumor necrosis factor a expressions. Fucoxanthin was isolated from Sargassumechinocarpum and validated by infrared spectrophotometer. Adipocyte was obtained from pre-adipocyte cell from viscera tissue of wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus) and cultured in fetal bovine serum and Dulbeccos modified eagle’s medium. Adipocyte was treated with fucoxanthin and quercetin as control. Expression of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor a of adipocyte was verified by enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and observed by ELISA reader. The result showed that infrared spectra of Sargassumechinocarpumextract was equal with infrared spectra of fucoxanthin. Adipocyte cells treated with fucoxanthin showed increasing of adiponectin and decreasing of tumor necrosis factor a expression. It indicated that fucoxanthin able to enhance β-oxidation in adipocyte cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that fucoxanthin from Sargassumechinocarpum able to increase adiponectin and decrease tumor necrosis factor a expression in adipocyte and it is promising to develop anantiobesitynutraceutical.Keywords: adipocyte, adiponectin, fucoxanthin, Sargassumechinocarpum, tumor necrosis factor α

Monitoring and visiting farmers affected by fish mortality is imperative. It offers insights into fish disease mapping and the trend of antibiotic resistance, serving as a fundamental for future strategies for preventing and treating fish diseases. The data collection was carried out by visiting farmers who suffered from fish mortality in 2022 in East Java, South Kalimantan, and Bali provinces. A total of 128 samples of infected fish were collected and analyzed using PCR and standard microbiological methods, and the findings were analyzed using spatial analysis and visual interpretation. Based on PCR results, the prevalence of fish diseases showed 65% iridovirus cases in gourami and tilapia, 31% in tilapia was TiLV, and 4% were Francisella sp. infection in tilapia. According to the results of microbiological tests, 86% of Edwardsiella tarda samples in pangasius were resistant to Oxytetracycline. Aeromonas sp. infection was the highest case in catfish, 58% were sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole. Streptococcosis was a typical tilapia disease that was 62% susceptible to Enrofloxacine and Sulfamethoxazole. Cases of Nocardia sp. and Staphylococcus sp. infection in gourami were found to be 71% intermediate to Enrofloxacine and Oxytetracycline, respectively.