Many high quality studies have emerged from public databases, such as Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC); however, these data are often characterized by a high degree of dimensional heterogeneity, timeliness, scarcity, irregularity, and other characteristics, resulting in the value of these data not being fully utilized. Data-mining technology has been a frontier field in medical research, as it demonstrates excellent performance in evaluating patient risks and assisting clinical decision-making in building disease-prediction models. Therefore, data mining has unique advantages in clinical big-data research, especially in large-scale medical public databases. This article introduced the main medical public database and described the steps, tasks, and models of data mining in simple language. Additionally, we described data-mining methods along with their practical applications. The goal of this work was to aid clinical researchers in gaining a clear and intuitive understanding of the application of data-mining technology on clinical big-data in order to promote the production of research results that are beneficial to doctors and patients.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is suspected to be associated with several chronic metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to review previous epidemiological studies that examined the relationship between BPA exposure and the risk of obesity. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched by 2 independent investigators for articles published from the start of database coverage until January 1, 2020. Subsequently, the reference list of each relevant article was scanned for any other potentially eligible publications. We included observational studies published in English that measured urinary BPA. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the highest versus lowest level of BPA were calculated. Ten studies with a sample size from 888 to 4793 participants met our inclusion criteria. We found a positive correlation between the level of BPA and obesity risk. A dose–response analysis revealed that 1-ng/mL increase in BPA increased the risk of obesity by 11%. The similar results were for different type of obesity, gender, and age.

Health inequalities intensified, burden shifting to low-resource regions despite preventive advancements. HPV and screening rates diverged by SDI, highlighting coverage gaps. Screening and vaccination inversely linked to disease burden, underscoring critical efficacy. Innovative modeling exposed disparities, advocating SDI-stratified interventions. This study analyzes global and regional cervical cancer trends (1990–2021) across different Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels, highlighting health inequalities, assessing the impact of HPV vaccination and screening, and modeling future trends. The findings aim to inform targeted prevention policies, reduce regional disparities, and promote global health equity. Data were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021(GBD 2021), OECD, and WHO. The focus was on incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of cervical cancer. Time trends were analyzed by SDI regions, alongside health inequality assessments. Correlation analyses examined links between screening rates, HPV vaccination coverage, and disease burden. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized DALYs rates declined significantly, with estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of -0.54% (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.44) and − 1.27% (95% CI: -1.36 to -1.18). However, significant differences exist in specific patterns of change across SDI regions: exhibited an upward incidence trajectory. From 1990 to 2021, the burden of cervical cancer disease shifted from developed to less developed regions. Correlation analysis showed negative associations between screening rates and DALYs (r = -0.56, p < 0.01) and between vaccination coverage and incidence (r = -0.35, p < 0.01). Although the global cervical cancer burden has decreased, significant regional disparities remain. Future policies should focus on tailored interventions, with low-resource regions strengthening healthcare infrastructure and implementing minimum effective preventive measures, while high-SDI regions shift to precision public health approaches. Policymakers must also incorporate culturally sensitive health education to address social barriers, challenge misconceptions, and empower communities, ultimately reducing preventable cervical cancer morbidity.

Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, and due to the absence of male-specific screening programs, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and older ages. This study aims to analyze the long-term trend of MBC incidence and develop a competing risk model to improve survival rates. MBC data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1975–2019) were analyzed using the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model to examine trends in age, period, and birth cohort effects of MBC incidence. A competing risk model was used to build a nomogram predicting breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) for MBC patients, with model accuracy assessed using the concordance index (C-index) and calibration curves. These results were compared with the nomogram established by Cox model. Comparisons were made with traditional AJCC staging system using net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). APC analysis showed MBC incidence increases with age, while period and birth cohort effects were not significant. A total of 2,057 patients were included in the competing risk analysis, which identified factors like older age, estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and advanced AJCC stage as being associated with shorter survival. The competing risk model demonstrated excellent predictive ability, surpassing the AJCC staging system in both accuracy and clinical utility. In contrast, the Cox regression model overestimated the risk of endpoint events and failed to provide accurate effect estimates. The high incidence and poor prognosis of MBC in the elderly population emphasize the need for improved screening and early diagnosis in high-risk groups. Our competing risk model, compared to the Cox model, more accurately reflects real-world conditions. Additionally, we have developed a competing risk nomogram to assist in identifying high-risk individuals and guiding clinical decision-making.

Background: Selenium (Se) exhibits its anti-carcinogenic properties by regulating the redox system. However, the relationship between selenoprotein P (SeP), mRNA (SELENOP mRNA) and tumorigenesis remains unclear. Plasma SeP transports Se to various target tissues and has antioxidant characteristics. The present study aimed to explore the multifaceted pan-cancer properties of SELENOP in terms of its tissue-specific expression, prognostic value, immune function, and signaling pathway enrichment. Patients and Methods: The expression profile of SELENOP was determined in 33 tumor types and survival, pathway enrichment, and correlation analyses were conducted based on TCGA database. The relationship between SELENOP expression and immune infiltration and macrophage subtype gene markers was investigated using the TIMER and GEPIA. Results: SELENOP gene expression was decreased in many cancer tissues, but was upregulated in brain lower grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, SELENOP expression was associated with a better prognosis in most cancers, but a poorer prognosis in LGG and uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC). Our results showed that SELENOP was correlated with infiltration level of six immune cell types, where SELENOP also showed a strong correlation with macrophages in some cancer types. However, we failed to determine macrophage polarization in 33 tumor types. SELENOP negatively regulated vascular endothelial cell proliferation in LGG and UCEC and epidermal cell differentiation in six tumor types. In contrast, upregulation was related to immune function, including T cell activation, B cell-mediated immunity, adaptive immune response and immune response regulation cell surface receptor signaling pathways in another six tumor types. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the tissue-specific expression, prognostic value and immune characteristics of SELENOP in pan-cancer, and provided insights for illustrating the role of SELENOP in tumorigenesis.

Background: The role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a mediator in the association between various unhealthy lifestyles and major adverse cardiovascular events and all‐cause death remains unclear. Methods and Results: This study used data from the UK Biobank, with follow‐up until the end of 2021. It involved the calculation of unweighted and weighted lifestyle scores using the Cox model to classify participants on the basis of these scores. Additionally, the research assessed the mediation effect proportion of NAFLD using the difference method and examined the interaction and joint effects of lifestyle and NAFLD on health outcomes. Among the 134 616 enrolled participants, 4024 had records of major adverse cardiovascular events, while among the 130 144 participants included in the analysis of all‐cause death, 6697 deaths occurred. The proportions of the association between overall lifestyle and major adverse cardiovascular events mediated by NAFLD were 19.4% and 21.7% (95% CI, 16.2–22.6 and 17.8–25.7) for scores 1 and 2, respectively, and those for all‐cause death were 14.1% and 10.1% (95% CI, 11.3–17.1 and 7.9–12.2). After fully adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the mediating effects declined across both outcomes. The associations between overall lifestyle and outcomes were stronger among those of the non‐NAFLD group, and significant interactions were observed between overall lifestyle and NAFLD status. The joint analysis revealed that patients with NAFLD with unhealthy lifestyle had the highest risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all‐cause death. Conclusions: Improving lifestyle and addressing metabolic risk factors are essential for cardiovascular risk management in patients with NAFLD.