The Munake grape is a local variety of grape that is widely distributed in Xinjiang, China. This study aims to clarify the genetic structure of the Munake grape population, characterize genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations, gather germplasm, and establish the core germplasm collection. In total, 144 samples were collected from eight geographic populations. Twenty-two SSR markers were used to characterize the genetic diversity as well as the genetic structure of Munake grape germplasm and to establish the core germplasm collection. At each site, the average number of effective alleles (Ne) was 5.019. Overall, genetic diversity was high in the various geographic populations of Munake grapes. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.501 to 0.908, with an average of 0.728. Estimates of genetic differentiation and gene flow indicated that the Artux population had significant genetic differences from the other populations. Screening results indicated that a sampling proportion of 95% of the sample was required to achieve 100% allelic coverage, or a sampling proportion of 65% for 95% allelic coverage. This analysis was based on conventional genetic diversity indicators, with a core germplasm diversity index of 95% coverage. Characterization of the genetic diversity of germplasm from 144 Munake grapes not only provides valuable resources for future genetic mapping and functional genome research, but also facilitates the utilization of core germplasm and molecular breeding of Munake grapes.

The common walnut (Juglans regia L.), a species of significant economic and ecological importance, along with its variant, holds developmental value. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are used as an effective method for material identification due to their co-dominant inheritance. In this work, a total of 357629 SSR loci were searched based on previously published walnut genome sequences, with a density of 662.28 (SSRs/Mb). The majority of all these loci were found to be single nucleotide A/T (58.49%), followed by the dinucleotide AT (19.48%). Based on the results of genome-wide SSR site design, 22 effective primer pairs were designed and screened to analyze the genetic diversity of 48 wild walnut samples from three countries. Each locus had an average of 5.17 effective alleles (Ne), with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.71, average heterozygosity (He) of 0.52, and average genetic differentiation index (Fst) of 0.09. The analysis of 48 wild walnut samples from three countries (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and China) using the unweighted pairwise clustering method and arithmetic mean (UPGMA) along with principal coordinate analysis revealed the division of all samples into three groups. In summary, these novel SSR markers serve as a reference for the identification of wild walnut germplasm in Central Asia and for the development and utilization of wild walnut seed resources.