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Dr. Carlos Figueiredo
CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal

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Review
Published: 03 August 2021 in Heritage
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Natural stone is an important component of historical heritage (buildings and art objects such as sculptures or rock engravings), and it is still widely used in contemporary works. Soluble salts are the main erosive agent in the built environment, and we review here comparative studies that subject the same rock type to testing with different salt solutions. The results mostly support the accepted notion of the major impact of sodium sulphate, although there are some exceptions. The effects of sodium chloride and calcium sulphate deserve specific discussion given field information on the relevance of these specific salts in the built environment. We relate the information collected to the issues of risk assessment (considering both geochemical conditions and salt effects) and conservation interventions (highlighting the interest of tests that do not produce damage to susceptible materials) and present some methodological suggestions to avoid a case study culture.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana Hernández. Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies. Heritage 2021, 4, 1554 -1565.

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Ana Hernández. Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1554-1565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana Hernández. 2021. "Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1554-1565.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Water has always been a critical resource for humans and climate change could aggravate supply problems. In this context, groundwater could be an important reservoir of water, especially given the dispersion of places where it can be obtained and the widespread occurrence of surface marks (springs). Historically, places where groundwater is available have been marked by humans using built structures, with stone materials having a major role. These cultural objects tend to become a part of the collective memory and the historical record (when available) and frequently they stay on the original site along time (hence “marking a spot” for groundwater). However, the development of major water supply structures, especially in the 20th century, promoted the negligence of these ancient water sources. We present a general defense of the importance of recording and preserving cultural stone related to water sources, preferably in the original sites. Conservation of groundwater-related structures could help in the future exploration of this geological resource and converge with historical information on the fountains’ discharge, with geological studies of the terrains and geochemical features of the groundwaters involved, in order to characterize the hydrogeological systems and their potential future use (including the preservation of water quality and properties). These studies could promote a synergetic conservation of both heritage and water.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana C. Hernández. Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 8 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Ana C. Hernández. Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana C. Hernández. 2020. "Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 8.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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The current COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc in the regular workings of many institutions, such as those dedicated to teaching; therefore, there is an urge for alternatives to traditional face-to-face teaching. However, for certain subjects, such as Earth Sciences, distance-teaching approaches could be seen as counterintuitive to the essential foundations of the subject (where empirical information, especially from fieldwork, is considered paramount for its foundation and growth). In this work, we consider remote operations that could complement, improve, and perhaps even replace the traditional approach for teaching Earth Sciences, potentially producing better learning outcomes, even in relation to laboratory and fieldwork, including studies involving locations outside of planet Earth. Additionally, we consider the possible advantages for other professional settings related to this area, such as those concerning terrain characterization for engineering works, mineral resources, and environmental studies, as well as possible support for space missions and stations in other astronomical bodies (where mineral exploration and extraction could be developed and, hence, benefit from remote operations).

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 9 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 9.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Crystallography concepts are usually among the most demanding subjects for Mineralogy students. Traditional onsite teaching of Mineralogy starts with physical models of crystal polyhedra and frequently also includes the observation of models of crystal structures. These teaching strategies could be difficult to implement under pandemic situations like the present one. But they also have other disadvantages under the usual access conditions as their use by the students is restricted by the number of students in relation to the number of models and by the availability of the models and teaching staff. Additionally, onsite teaching can pose challenges to both students and teachers with temporal or permanent disabilities. We consider here some possibilities of teaching with virtual models of crystal polyhedra, twinning, and crystal structures, based on some of the available freeware options and considering the main concepts taught in the usual Mineralogy syllabus.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 10 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 10.

Conference paper
Published: 30 October 2020 in La mode des sixties
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc in many economic areas such as those related to tourism. This creates the need for alternative activities in this sector, especially given that it is not clear when the present emergency will end and there could be new situations of this kind. We consider here two main possibilities (virtual models and remote observations) for tourism related to geological objects (including those used by humans) and processes. These approaches could help to promote remote-operated tourism in other celestial bodies, helping to promote this kind of enterprise. These activities could be prepared with variable connection to education (for publics with diverse age ranges), prompting their use at any time of the year (hence minimizing the issue of seasonality). Our discussion suggests that remote observations will be the most interesting option since they could potentially give the users an unlimited diversity of experiences, it might give higher returns to local communities (but also higher loads on local environments) and they could find additional value in other geological applications. While our analysis is certainly very speculative at present, it can be submitted to falsification by the financial results.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion. La mode des sixties 2020, 3, 4 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion. La mode des sixties. 2020; 3 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion." La mode des sixties 3, no. 1: 4.

Review
Published: 28 February 2020 in Geosciences
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This work presents a review of recent publications, with publication date between 2017 and 2019, with information on the relation between rock characteristics and the effects of diverse agents associated with alteration of stone materials in the built environment. It considers information obtained from ageing tests performed under laboratory conditions and by exposure to outdoor agents. Several lithological groups were considered, with sedimentary carbonate rocks being the most frequently studied lithotypes and silicate metamorphic rocks being the group with scarcer information. In terms of ageing tests, salt weathering was the most frequent one while there was a noticeable lesser amount of information from tests with biological colonization. The collected data showed the influence of diverse features, from specific minerals to whole-rock properties and the presence of heterogeneities. These information are discussed in the context of formulating a general framework for stone decay.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests. Geosciences 2020, 10, 91 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (3):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests." Geosciences 10, no. 3: 91.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2019 in Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular
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Geological raw materials are an important component of the archaeological record in the Prehistory (namely due to their persistence under buried conditions) and pinpointing their original position on the geological context could give important information about activities of ancient human groups. However, archaeological lithic artefacts impose strict restrictions on analytical procedures due to the need to preserve features with cultural meaning, which might affect the effectiveness of the analytical procedure. We attempt here a critical overview of non-destructive techniques for the search of the source of geological raw materials used to make prehistoric lithic artefacts, highlighting issues involved in the interactions between techniques and study objects. It is emphasized that the success of provenance studies will strongly depend on the sensitivity of the analyses undertaken to the characteristics of the sample, as well as the geological information available.

ACS Style

Pedro Xavier; Carlos Alves. Non-destructive studies of prehistoric lithic material culture in the search for sources of geologic raw materials: an overview of techniques and issues. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 2019, 41, 123 -140.

AMA Style

Pedro Xavier, Carlos Alves. Non-destructive studies of prehistoric lithic material culture in the search for sources of geologic raw materials: an overview of techniques and issues. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular. 2019; 41 ():123-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Xavier; Carlos Alves. 2019. "Non-destructive studies of prehistoric lithic material culture in the search for sources of geologic raw materials: an overview of techniques and issues." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 41, no. : 123-140.

Editorial
Published: 14 October 2019 in Geosciences
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This editorial presents the papers published in the 2019 edition of this series of special issues in the context of the contribution of geological studies to the development of knowledge on the built environment (namely materials) and in the opposite sense, that is the potential contribution of studies of the Built Environment to geoscientific knowledge. This is discussed considering the major framework of the Anthropocene.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves. A Two-Way Avenue of Knowledge: An Editorial for the Special Issue “Geoscience of the Built Environment 2019 Edition”. Geosciences 2019, 9, 439 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves. A Two-Way Avenue of Knowledge: An Editorial for the Special Issue “Geoscience of the Built Environment 2019 Edition”. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (10):439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves. 2019. "A Two-Way Avenue of Knowledge: An Editorial for the Special Issue “Geoscience of the Built Environment 2019 Edition”." Geosciences 9, no. 10: 439.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Salt weathering is the main erosive process affecting diverse geological materials in historical and contemporary structures and can also contribute to visual changes by surface crystallization. The main goal of the present paper is to assess publications concerning the study of salt weathering of natural stone considering the main approaches (laboratory tests and field observations). Our focus will be on rock types other than sedimentary carbonate rocks and sandstones (which are the most studied rocks both in laboratory and field studies). Granite and pyroclastic rocks are dominant in the studied set. Also deserves highlighting (for scientific reasons) the scarcity of studies regarding foliated rocks and marble.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo. Approaches to the Study of Salt Weathering of Geological Materials. Proceedings 2019, 24, 5 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo. Approaches to the Study of Salt Weathering of Geological Materials. Proceedings. 2019; 24 (1):5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo. 2019. "Approaches to the Study of Salt Weathering of Geological Materials." Proceedings 24, no. 1: 5.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Geological materials are a potential source of pollutants, among which there is the radioactive isotope 222Rn, which result of radioactive decay of daughter radionuclides of uranium (238U). It is emitted as a gas that it can be released to the air to enter the human body, with the potential to affect internal organs (mostly the lungs) by alpha particles production. While the presence of uranium in the materials is a necessary condition for the production of Rn-222, the amount of gas emitted by the material depends on other characteristics that allow the migration of the gas. The main aim of this communication concerns a statistical analysis of results from diverse types of rocks.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Geological Materials as Sources of Rn Emissions. Proceedings 2019, 24, 17 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Geological Materials as Sources of Rn Emissions. Proceedings. 2019; 24 (1):17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2019. "Geological Materials as Sources of Rn Emissions." Proceedings 24, no. 1: 17.

Extended abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Geology is, from its foundation, a subject strongly based on field studies.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Tiago Ferreira. Online Analyses of Terrains for Environment and Engineering Geology Studies. Proceedings 2019, 24, 10 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Tiago Ferreira. Online Analyses of Terrains for Environment and Engineering Geology Studies. Proceedings. 2019; 24 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Tiago Ferreira. 2019. "Online Analyses of Terrains for Environment and Engineering Geology Studies." Proceedings 24, no. 1: 10.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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The present work concerns the study of geological raw materials obtained from an excavation site located in Serra da Cabreira (NW Portugal). The majority of the artifacts are made in quartz varieties (with minor occurrences of flint). Milky quartz is dominant, being similar to diverse occurrences of quartz veins in the immediate neighborhood. There are diverse other quartz varieties, indicating the possibility of locations farther away from the shelter. The study of geological raw materials can be seen as an important source of archaeological information, illustrating the evolution of past relationships between humans and geological resources, and also providing relevant information for the present and future, considering namely the extremely low environmental impact of the processing of raw materials.

ACS Style

Pedro Xavier; Carlos Alves; José Meireles. Geological Raw Materials from a Mesolithic Archaeological Site in NW Portugal. Proceedings 2019, 24, 23 .

AMA Style

Pedro Xavier, Carlos Alves, José Meireles. Geological Raw Materials from a Mesolithic Archaeological Site in NW Portugal. Proceedings. 2019; 24 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Xavier; Carlos Alves; José Meireles. 2019. "Geological Raw Materials from a Mesolithic Archaeological Site in NW Portugal." Proceedings 24, no. 1: 23.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Cultural Heritage
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ACS Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; Carlos Arce Chamorro; Carlos Alves; Jose Carlos Sánchez-Pardo; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Manuel Costa-García; Cose Carlos Sánchez Pardo. Using in situ gamma ray spectrometry (GRS) exploration of buried archaeological structures: A case study from NW Spain. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2018, 34, 247 -254.

AMA Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez, Carlos Arce Chamorro, Carlos Alves, Jose Carlos Sánchez-Pardo, Rebeca Blanco-Rotea, José Manuel Costa-García, Cose Carlos Sánchez Pardo. Using in situ gamma ray spectrometry (GRS) exploration of buried archaeological structures: A case study from NW Spain. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2018; 34 ():247-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; Carlos Arce Chamorro; Carlos Alves; Jose Carlos Sánchez-Pardo; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Manuel Costa-García; Cose Carlos Sánchez Pardo. 2018. "Using in situ gamma ray spectrometry (GRS) exploration of buried archaeological structures: A case study from NW Spain." Journal of Cultural Heritage 34, no. : 247-254.

Book chapter
Published: 17 September 2018 in Conserving Cultural Heritage
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ACS Style

J. Sanjurjo-Sánchez; C. Alves. A discussion on gamma radiation hazards related to granitic materials and its implication on historical buildings use. Conserving Cultural Heritage 2018, 103 -105.

AMA Style

J. Sanjurjo-Sánchez, C. Alves. A discussion on gamma radiation hazards related to granitic materials and its implication on historical buildings use. Conserving Cultural Heritage. 2018; ():103-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Sanjurjo-Sánchez; C. Alves. 2018. "A discussion on gamma radiation hazards related to granitic materials and its implication on historical buildings use." Conserving Cultural Heritage , no. : 103-105.

Research article
Published: 08 May 2018 in Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
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Geologic materials are a potential source of external gamma radiation in buildings due to the presence of radioisotopes (40K and isotopes from U and Th decay families). The contents of these radioisotopes can be evaluated by laboratory analyses that require the extraction of samples, with associated financial and time constraints, and it is also difficult to perform on materials already applied in existing structures. In this work, portable gamma spectrometry results are compared with laboratory analyses in terms of radioisotopes estimations, and the activity concentration index is calculated from them (which assess the conjoint contribution of the different radioisotopes to the external gamma radiation). The studied objects are rocks and their “in situ” weathering products. The results obtained indicate that despite several problems posed by field measurements with portable gamma spectrometry, namely, in terms of the geometric characteristics of the objects measured, this technique has the potential to identify materials with different hazard levels related to external gamma radiation.

ACS Style

Miguel Couto; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Carlos Alves. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Assessment of Gamma Radiation Hazards Related to Geologic Materials: Comparison of Results by Field Gamma Spectrometry and Laboratory Methods. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Miguel Couto, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Carlos Alves. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Assessment of Gamma Radiation Hazards Related to Geologic Materials: Comparison of Results by Field Gamma Spectrometry and Laboratory Methods. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Couto; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Carlos Alves. 2018. "Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Assessment of Gamma Radiation Hazards Related to Geologic Materials: Comparison of Results by Field Gamma Spectrometry and Laboratory Methods." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018, no. : 1-9.

Chapter
Published: 23 January 2018 in Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone
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Biological agents on building materials can be considered a widespread occurrence that can promote changes in stone surfaces, namely, outdoors, which are frequently considered undesirable. As with many other issues, there have been proposals of nanoproducts for treatments against biological growths. In this chapter, results of tests with nanoproducts on natural stone and other porous inorganic materials that have data on the actual effect on biocoatings (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and algae) are discussed, considering also the impacts on the materials. The collected data showed mixed results, especially for intensive water conditions (e.g., dripping, sprinkling, runoff, and immersion), namely, in relation to algae. The main issues in terms of impact on the materials concern the introduction of soluble salts (that might promote stone erosion) and color changes. Discussion on questions related to the environmental impact of nanoparticles, considering their mobility after application and their effects, is also explored.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Stony Materials’ Surface Against Biocoatings. Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone 2018, 223 -257.

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Stony Materials’ Surface Against Biocoatings. Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone. 2018; ():223-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2018. "Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Stony Materials’ Surface Against Biocoatings." Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone , no. : 223-257.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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Soluble salts are an important pollutant and the main decay agent of stone in the built environment. While their end erosive effects are well-established, the evolution in time of those erosive effects has been much less studied. This paper presents multivariate analyses of results from salt weathering cycles of three limestone types.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo. Multi-Cycle Statistical Analysis of Laboratory Salt Weathering Tests. Proceedings 2018, 2, 561 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo. Multi-Cycle Statistical Analysis of Laboratory Salt Weathering Tests. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (10):561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo. 2018. "Multi-Cycle Statistical Analysis of Laboratory Salt Weathering Tests." Proceedings 2, no. 10: 561.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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Rocks and soils are an important source of external gamma radiation due to their content in U, Th, and K. The dose rate derived from the emission of gamma-rays of radioisotopes can be directly measured or assessed from their content. In the present study, values of outdoor gamma radiation absorbed dose rate are analyzed to explore the implications of levels related to those values in terms of the exposure time necessary for attaining a certain yearly effective dose. We propose simple relations with the absorbed dose rate and with the gamma index of materials.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. An Overview of Radiological Hazards Related to Geological External Gamma Radiation in Outdoor Environments. Proceedings 2018, 2, 562 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. An Overview of Radiological Hazards Related to Geological External Gamma Radiation in Outdoor Environments. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (10):562.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2018. "An Overview of Radiological Hazards Related to Geological External Gamma Radiation in Outdoor Environments." Proceedings 2, no. 10: 562.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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It is attempted to present here a hopefully illustrative discussion of the use of single images (treated here as stamps representing case studies) in the teaching of diverse geological concepts, based on outcrops and products of anthropogenic activity.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves. In Defense of Stamp Collecting: The Importance of Case Studies for Geology Teaching. Proceedings 2018, 2, 563 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves. In Defense of Stamp Collecting: The Importance of Case Studies for Geology Teaching. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (10):563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves. 2018. "In Defense of Stamp Collecting: The Importance of Case Studies for Geology Teaching." Proceedings 2, no. 10: 563.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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An extended version of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of monument stone decay phenomena occurring at “Basilica da Estrela” church, Lisbon, Portugal, is now presented. The PCA rationale and general methodological procedure is presented, as a first step of a stepwise approach to the eigenvector methods of data analysis. PCA, as others “Eigenvector Methods”, seeks to reveal the underlying structure that might exist within a set of multivariate observations. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and main ionic species were measured on several seepage samples over three years inside the monument. PCA results are discussed in the perspective of a nondestructive tool.

ACS Style

Carlos Figueiredo; Carlos Alves. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of Monument Stone Decay by Rainwater: A Case Study of “Basílica da Estrela” Church, Portugal. Proceedings 2018, 2, 560 .

AMA Style

Carlos Figueiredo, Carlos Alves. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of Monument Stone Decay by Rainwater: A Case Study of “Basílica da Estrela” Church, Portugal. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (10):560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Figueiredo; Carlos Alves. 2018. "Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of Monument Stone Decay by Rainwater: A Case Study of “Basílica da Estrela” Church, Portugal." Proceedings 2, no. 10: 560.