A well-balanced diet is integral for overall health, aiding in managing key risk factors for kidney damage like hypertension while supplying necessary precursors for metabolite production. Dietary choices directly influence the composition and metabolic patterns of the gut microbiota, showing promise as therapeutic tools for addressing various health conditions, including chronic kidney diseases (CKD). CKD pathogenesis involves a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and the retention of nitrogen waste, fostering gut dysbiosis and the excessive production of bacterial metabolites. These metabolites act as uremic toxins, contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling in the kidneys. Dietary interventions hold significance in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially slowing CKD progression. Functional ingredients, nutrients, and nephroprotective phytoconstituents could modulate inflammatory pathways or impact the gut mucosa. The “gut–kidney axis” underscores the impact of gut microbes and their metabolites on health and disease, with dysbiosis serving as a triggering event in several diseases, including CKD. This review provides a comprehensive overview, focusing on the gut–liver axis, and explores well-established bioactive substances as well as specific, less-known nutraceuticals showing promise in supporting kidney health and positively influencing CKD progression.

Background: Diet is a key modifiable factor that can either support renal health or accelerate the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent advances in multiomics, particularly proteomics and metabolomics, significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking diet to CKD risk. Proteomics offers a comprehensive analysis of protein expression, structure, and interactions, revealing how dietary components regulate cellular processes and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, metabolomics provides a detailed profile of low-molecular-weight compounds, including endogenous metabolites and diet-derived molecules, offering insights into the metabolic states that influence kidney function. Methods: We have conducted a narrative review of key papers from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to explore the potential of proteomic and metabolomic analysis in identifying molecular signatures associated with diet in human and animal biological samples, such as blood plasma, urine, and in kidney tissues. These signatures help elucidate how specific foods, food groups, and overall dietary patterns may either contribute to or mitigate CKD risk. Results: Recent studies the impact of high-fat diets on protein expression involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, identifying early biomarkers of kidney injury. Metabolic, including disruptions in in fatty acid metabolism, glucose regulation, and amino acid pathways, have been recognized as key indicators of CKD risk. Additionally, several studies explore specific metabolites found in biological fluids and renal tissue in response to protein-rich foods, assessing their potential roles in a progressive loss of kidney function. Emerging evidence also suggests that dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiota may help alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, and toxin accumulation in chronic kidney disease. Notably, recent findings highlight metabolomic signatures linked to beneficial shifts in gut microbial metabolism, particularly in the context of prebiotic supplementation. Conclusions: By integrating proteomics and metabolomics, future research can refine precision nutrition strategies, helping mitigate CKD progression. Expanding large-scale studies and clinical trials will be essential in translating these molecular insights into actionable dietary guidelines.

Short-chain fatty acids originating from the gut microbiota are the m ain fermentation products of prebiotics and have recently emerged as key factors influencing the local absorption of dietary macro- and micronutrients. However, it is unclear whether such effects occur in growing pigs, as the...

Diet is a well-known, modifiable factor that can either promote renal health or accelerate the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Advances in multiomics, particularly proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking diet to CKD risk. Proteomics offers a comprehensive analysis of protein expression, structure, and interactions, shedding light on how nutritional factors regulate cellular processes and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, metabolomics provides a detailed profile of low-molecular-weight compounds, encompassing both endogenous metabolites and diet-derived molecules, offering valuable insights into the systemic metabolic states that influence kidney function. This review explores the potential of proteomic and metabolomic analysis in identifying molecular signatures identified in human and animal biological samples, such as blood plasma, urine, and, in kidney tissues. These signatures are associated with the intake of specific foods and food groups, as well as overall dietary patterns, which may either contribute to or mitigate the risk of diet-related CKD. By elucidating these complex relationships, such research holds promise for advancing precision nutrition strategies aimed at preserving kidney health.

Currently, pet owners can easily access a broad array of commercial pet products specifically formulated to meet the unique nutritional needs of their cats and dogs. The trend towards organic pet foods, prioritizing whole ingredients over processed ones, is gaining more and more attention, emphasizing sustainability in sourcing dietary proteins. Insects, rich in essential amino acids, emerge as promising protein substitutes, though they do carry potential risks of triggering adverse food reactions, such as allergies in pets. This, in turn, provides a fertile ground for advanced proteomic analysis, facilitating comprehensive identification and quantification of allergens from edible insects. This includes defining immune epitopes originating from these allergens, thus fostering the discovery of potentially new proteins with allergenic potential and aiding in the in vitro diagnosis of allergen sensitization. This review presents the latest advancements in edible insect-derived allergens and the proteomic investigations conducted to analyse them. We offer insights into classical and advanced proteomic approaches designed for identifying and quantifying these allergens in various food matrices. Additionally, we focus on recent studies concerning the characterization of novel insect allergens, exploring sensitization and cross-reactivity mechanisms, with a specific emphasis on pets.

Despite the extensive evidence of health benefits associated with prebiotics, their effects on the haemostatic system remain largely unexplored. Hence, this study aimed to assess the influence of incorporating 1% (T1 diet) or 3% (T2 diet) native chicory inulin into the diet of nursery pigs on...