Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disease in premature neonates that requires a skilled workforce for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Artificial intelligence is a valuable tool that clinicians employ to reduce the screening burden on ophthalmologists and neonatologists and improve the detection of treatment-requiring ROP. Neural networks such as convolutional neural networks and deep learning (DL) systems are used to calculate a vascular severity score (VSS), an important component of various risk models. These DL systems have been validated in various studies, which are reviewed here. Most importantly, we discuss a promising study that validated a DL system that could predict the development of ROP despite a lack of clinical evidence of disease on the first retinal examination. Additionally, there is promise in utilizing these systems through telemedicine in more rural and resource-limited areas. This review highlights the value of these DL systems in early ROP diagnosis.

Oculomics is an emerging field that leverages ophthalmic imaging data to identify biomarkers of systemic disease, facilitating early diagnosis and risk stratification. Despite its growing recognition, gaps remain in the literature regarding the clinical applications of oculomics. Various systemic diseases—including metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus), infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., dementia), hematologic disorders (e.g., thalassemia), autoimmune conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and genetic syndromes (e.g., Fabry disease)—exhibit ocular manifestations detectable through in vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography, among other imaging modalities. Increasing evidence supports the role of corneal imaging in identifying systemic disease biomarkers, a process further enhanced by artificial intelligence-driven analyses. This review synthesizes the current findings on corneal biomarkers of systemic disease, their ophthalmic imaging correlates, and the expanding role of corneal oculomics in translational medicine. Additionally, we explore future directions for integrating oculomics into clinical practice and biomedical research.

This case report highlights scleral perforation as a complication of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of refractory primary open-angle glaucoma, as well as the management of this complication. A 78-year-old woman with primary open-angle glaucoma refractory to medication had transscleral cyclophotocoagulation performed in her left eye. During the procedure, it was noted that conjunctival burns and scleral perforation had occurred, at which point the procedure was aborted. Limited peritomy and patch graft with split-thickness donor cornea was done in the area of the scleral thinning and perforation. The patient had a good outcome with an intraocular pressure of 8 mm Hg, appropriate integration of the patch graft, and no significant conjunctival inflammation at the 2-month post-operative visit. This patient, without any known risk factors for scleral thinning or necrosis, experienced conjunctival burn as well as scleral perforation during transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, underscoring this possible complication of the procedure. Additionally, split-thickness donor cornea was used to patch graft the area of scleral thinning and perforation, which is a method of managing this complication that had not been previously reported.

A 7-year-old female presented to an outpatient eye clinic with a six-week history of left upper eyelid edema and erythema in the absence of trauma without compromise of visual acuity or extraocular muscle movements and was initially treated as a case of pre-septal cellulitis with antibiotic therapy. Failure of resolution with new onset nasal bleeding after two weeks prompted computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing an orbital mass with radiologic concern for lymphoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. Upon biopsy, the histopathological analysis diagnosed angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), a rare condition that infrequently presents with ocular manifestations and more rarely presents in the pediatric population. Most therapeutic management for cutaneous and non-cutaneous ALHE have high rates of recurrence. This case was refractory to oral prednisone treatment but responded to a combination of methotrexate and adalimumab therapy with an 18.5% reduction in volume after three months. A 7-year-old female presented to an outpatient eye clinic with a six-week history of left upper eyelid edema and erythema in the absence of trauma without compromise of visual acuity or extraocular muscle movements and was initially treated as a case of pre-septal cellulitis with antibiotic therapy. Failure of resolution with new onset nasal bleeding after two weeks prompted computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing an orbital mass with radiologic concern for lymphoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. Upon biopsy, the histopathological analysis diagnosed angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), a rare condition that infrequently presents with ocular manifestations and more rarely presents in the pediatric population. Most therapeutic management for cutaneous and non-cutaneous ALHE have high rates of recurrence. This case was refractory to oral prednisone treatment but responded to a combination of methotrexate and adalimumab therapy with an 18.5% reduction in volume after three months.

Spaceflight acutely but transiently elevates intraocular pressure (IOP), often attributed to cephalad fluid shift and choroidal expansion. We propose that anterior segment mechanics, including lens–iris diaphragm position and conventional outflow loading, may contribute to early IOP changes. Comparing phakic and pseudophakic eyes, paired with anterior segment OCT and complementary imaging aboard the International Space Station, could define mechanisms and inform astronaut screening and ocular risk mitigation.