Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and infusion (water)) on chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. An UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) were applied. With regard to enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.

Background/Objectives: Postmortem changes in tissue stiffness and organ morphology are critical for forensic medicine and pathology. Shear wave elastography (SWE) has emerged as a non-invasive tool to assess tissue stiffness, yet its potential for postmortem interval estimation remains underexplored. While previous studies have demonstrated early postmortem alterations in tissue elasticity, the temporal progression of these changes in different organs is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the temporal changes in liver and spleen stiffness during the postmortem period using SWE and to evaluate the predictive potential of elastographic parameters for postmortem interval estimation. Methods: Twelve male Sprague–Dawley rats were sacrificed via cervical dislocation following deep anesthesia. Postmortem liver and spleen measurements, including longitudinal and short diameters and SWE values (kPa), were recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 h. All elastographic measurements were obtained using a 5 mm circular region of interest (ROI) for the liver and a 3 mm ROI for the spleen. Changes over time were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, with post hoc Bonferroni corrections applied where necessary. Additionally, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the predictive accuracy of SWE parameters in estimating postmortem time. Results: Postmortem liver and spleen stiffness exhibited a significant declining trend over time (p < 0.001, η² = 0.749 and η² = 0.810, respectively). Liver and spleen dimensions initially increased, reaching peak values around 6 h, followed by a gradual reduction. ROC analysis demonstrated that spleen SWE (AUC = 0.917) and liver SWE (AUC = 0.845) were the strongest predictors of early postmortem time. Binary logistic regression further confirmed that liver and spleen SWE were statistically significant predictors of postmortem time (p = 0.006 and p = 0.020, respectively). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that postmortem liver and spleen stiffness decline progressively over time, while organ dimensions exhibit a biphasic pattern. Elastographic parameters, particularly SWE values, demonstrated strong predictive accuracy in estimating early postmortem intervals. These findings suggest that SWE may serve as a valuable imaging modality for forensic applications, providing objective insights into postmortem biomechanical changes and time-of-death estimation. Further research should explore the applicability of SWE in different tissue types and under varying environmental conditions.

Objective: In vitro models of skeletal muscle often utilize primary myoblast cells or myoblast cell lines. Myoblasts require adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) to grow, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate in their natural environments in vivo. To meet the adhesion needs of adhesive cells under in vitro conditions, culture surfaces are coated with various biological or synthetic compounds. Within the scope of the study, the differentiation potential of H2K myoblasts, a cell line resembling primary myoblasts, were comparatively evaluated through morphological analysis on culture surfaces coated with various ECM and synthetic materials. Methods: The culture surfaces were coated with fibronectin and laminin, the major adhesion proteins of ECM; gelatin, a molecular derivative of collagen; matrigel, an ECM extract; and PLL, a synthetic poly-amino acid. Cells were allowed to differentiate in each culture medium for 4 days and their capacity to adhere to the surface and differentiation rates from myoblast to myotube were evaluated by morphological analysis. Results: In the uncoated culture environment, cells could only attach to 30-50% of the culture surface and myotube development was limited and not aligned with each other. On surfaces coated with PLL, no myotube development was observed and cells could only attach to 30-40% of the culture surface. Myotube development and alignment were similar on all surfaces coated with ECM components. On surfaces coated with ECM components laminin, fibronectin and matrigel, cells covered the entire culture surface and exhibited similar myotube development. However, on surfaces coated with gelatin, both cell adhesion to the surface and myotube development were limited compared to other ECM components. The mean myotube diameters of fibronectin, laminin, matrigel, PLL+laminin and gelatin were 49.71µm (±16.3µm), 52.31µm (±15.7µm), 51.9µm (±15.3µm), 53.06µm (±14.2µm) and 35.25µm (±11.4µm), respectively. Conclusion: Within the scope of the study, it was revealed that coating the culture surface with only a cationic material such as PLL does not support myogenesis and ECM components are needed for cell viability and differentiation.

Duchenne müsküler distrofi (DMD), distrofin genindeki mutasyonların açık okuma çerçevesini bozması ve bunun sonucunda işlevsel protein üretilememesi nedeniyle ortaya çıkan, ilerleyici kas yıkımıyla karakterize ölümcül bir genetik hastalıktır. Günümüzde hastalığın kesin bir tedavisi bulunmamakla birlikte, pre-mRNA üzerinde splicing sürecini modüle ederek okuma çerçevesini yeniden kurmayı amaçlayan ekson atlama yaklaşımları en umut verici primer tedavi yöntemi olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda FDA; Eteplirsen, Golodirsen ve Casimersen gibi fosforodiamidat morfolino oligomeri (PMO) tabanlı antisens oligonükleotitlerin (ASO) kullanımına şartlı onay vermiştir. Ancak, bu moleküllerin klinik denemelerde sağladığı distrofin restorasyon seviyeleri, anlamlı bir kas iyileşmesi için gereken en az %10'luk eşiğin oldukça altındadır ve kas dokusu genelinde yamalı bir dağılım sergilemektedir. Buna karşın, klinik öncesi hayvan modellerinde çok daha yüksek PMO dozları güvenle kullanılmış ve doza bağlı olarak başarılı, terapötik düzeyde ve daha homojen bir distrofin restorasyonu elde edilmiştir. İnsan klinik denemelerinde yüksek dozların tercih edilmesini kısıtlayan en temel engel ise PMO üretim süreçlerinin oldukça yüksek maliyetli olmasıdır. Bu maliyet baskısını azaltmak adına Eteplirsen ile aynı bölgeyi hedefleyen daha kısa alternatif PMO tasarımları geliştirilmiş; yapılan in vitro ve in vivo analizlerde, hücre ve dokulara doygunluk seviyesinde ulaştırıldıklarında bu kısa izoformların etkinliğinin uzun olanlarla özdeş olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu durum, yeni klinik deneme tasarımlarında dokunun maksimum PMO kapasitesini ifade eden doygunluk seviyesinin belirlenmesinin önemini ve daha ekonomik tedavi alternatiflerinin varlığını açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting and destruction caused by mutations that disrupt the open reading frame of the dystrophin gene. Currently, there is no curative treatment for DMD; however, exon skipping approaches, which aim to re-establish the open reading frame by modulating the pre-mRNA during splicing using antisense oligonucleotides, stand out as the most promising primary therapeutic method. Accordingly, the FDA has granted conditional approval for phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) based antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) such as Eteplirsen, Golodirsen, and Casimersen. Nevertheless, the dystrophin restoration levels achieved by these molecules in clinical trials remain well below the minimum 10% threshold required for meaningful functional recovery and display a patchy distribution across muscle tissues. Conversely, preclinical animal models safely utilized significantly higher PMO doses, resulting in successful, dose-dependent, therapeutic-level, and more homogeneous dystrophin restoration. The primary constraint limiting the adoption of higher doses in human clinical trials is the exceptionally high cost associated with PMO manufacturing processes. To alleviate this financial pressure, shorter alternative PMO designs targeting the exact same region as Eteplirsen were developed; in vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated that when delivered to cells and tissues at saturation levels, the efficiency of these shorter isoforms is identical to the longer ones. These findings clearly underscore the necessity of determining the PMO saturation level, which represents the maximum PMO capacity of a muscle tissue, in designing new clinical trials and highlight the existence of more economically viable therapeutic alternatives.

Akademisyen Yayınevi yöneticileri, yaklaşık 30 yıllık yayın tecrübesini, kendi tüzel kişiliklerine aktararak uzun zamandan beri, ticarî faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Anılan süre içinde, başta sağlık ve sosyal bilimler, kültürel ve sanatsal konular dahil 2000 kitabı yayımlamanın gururu içindedir. Uluslararası yayınevi olmanın alt yapısını tamamlayan Akademisyen, Türkçe ve yabancı dillerde yayın yapmanın yanında, küresel bir marka yaratmanın peşindedir.Bilimsel ve düşünsel çalışmaların kalıcı belgeleri sayılan kitaplar, bilgi kayıt ortamı olarak yüzlerce yılın tanıklarıdır. Matbaanın icadıyla varoluşunu sağlam temellere oturtan kitabın geleceği, her ne kadar yeni buluşların yörüngesine taşınmış olsa da, daha uzun süre hayatımızda yer edineceği muhakkaktır.