BACKGROUND: Currently, no systematic data are available on fetal radiation exposure as a result of radiographic studies during pregnancy. Consequently, there are no approved methods of its calculation that can be used in clinical practice. It is especially relevant for computed tomography scans as it is a widely used and highly informative method of diagnostic imaging associated with high exposure levels. AIM: to systematize currently available data on radiation dose absorbed by the fetus from computed tomography scans in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search for publications in Russian and English was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and еLibrary. The final analysis included 12 papers including 8 studies using human body phantoms, 3 retrospective studies and one prospective clinical study. RESULTS: Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans as well as whole-body scans were found to be associated with the highest fetal radiation exposure. However, in none of the publications the fetal exposure limit was exceeded. CONCLUSION: Clinically indicated non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans in pregnant women are not likely to be associated with the fetal absorbed doses that exceed the limit of 100 mGy regardless of the scanned area. However, this limit might be exceeded in case of performing multiple studies or if multiphase abdominal or pelvic computed tomography scans, or whole-body computed tomography scans are performed in patients with multiple trauma. In these cases, a decision regarding the need for these investigations should be made by a multi-disciplinary team (including radiation safety specialists, diagnostic radiologists and clinicians) based on the results of additional risk assessment.

Introduction: Immunosenescence alters TNF receptor expression (TNFR1 and TNFR2), contributing to chronic inflammation (inflamm-aging) and age-related diseases. Polymorphisms in TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B may influence receptor expression; however, their role in age-dependent modulation remains unclear. This study examines TNFR1/TNFR2 expression dynamics on T cells, B cells, and monocytes across different ages and evaluates the impact of genetic polymorphisms. Methods: PBMCs from 150 donors (18–60 years) were isolated via density-gradient centrifugation and cultured under spontaneous and LPS-stimulated conditions. TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression on immune cell subsets was quantified using flow cytometry with BD QuantiBRITE PE beads. SNP genotyping in TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B was performed via PCR with restriction analysis. Nonlinear age-related trends were assessed using polynomial approximation and inflection point analysis (Tukey’s method). Results: Among the 23 analyzed TNF system parameters, the proportion of TNFR2⁺CD3⁺ T cells increased with age, whereas TNFR1⁺ and TNFR2⁺ monocyte populations showed significant negative correlations (p < 0.05). Inflection points (~27, 34–36, and 44–45 years) indicated nonlinear dynamics in TNFRs expression during aging. TNFR2 expression on T cells gradually increased and stabilized at later ages, whereas TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression on monocytes followed distinct declining trajectories. Genetic polymorphisms influenced correlation strength, but did not alter direction, demonstrating a conserved pattern of age-related receptor expression shifts. Conclusions: TNFR expression exhibits nonlinear, age-dependent alterations across immune cells, shaped by immunosenescence and genetic variability. The identified critical age intervals represent key phases of immune remodeling, where assessing TNFR expression may provide insights into inflamm-aging mechanisms and potential targets for immune modulation.

Olfactory disorders is one of the first symptoms of diseases from various departments of medicine (otorhinolaryngology, psychology, neurology, etc.). Based on international clinical recommendations, olfactory tests are the gold standard for the diagnosis of olfactory disorders. There are many different psychophysical tests: UPSIT (USA, Pennsylvania), Sniffin’ Sticks test (Germany), BAST-24 (Spain), etc. Currently, there is an acute shortage of olfactory tests available for clinical practice In Russia. This problem is related to the fact that there are no olfactory tests registered as medical devices on the territory of the Russian Federation. Also, a significant limitation is the unrecognizability of odors by the population of our country, which include foreign analogues (licorice, anise, turpentine, etc.). Objective. To develop and validate the national olfactory test on healthy volunteers. Material and methods. The development and validation of the olfactory test included several stages. First, the development of an olfactory test was carried out, the selection of aromas to assess the threshold and identification ability of olfaction. 25 dilutions of n-butanol were used for the assessment of the threshold olfactory ability. For the stage of assessing the identification ability of the sense of smell, in our previous study, an assessment of the recognition of odor names in the territory of the Russian Federation was carried out. A total of 3.000 people from 8 federal districts of the Russian Federation were interviewed. During the development of the test, 20 names of flavors with the highest rating were used. By the 8th, the selection of monocomponent substances was carried out. Commercially available certified food and perfume flavorings have been used for fragrances whose equivalent in the test cannot be a monocomponent substance. A group of 25 healthy volunteers selected a flavor or a monocomponent for each of the 20 positions. To carry out the identification stage of testing, a booklet was developed with answer options for each fragrance, including 80 images associated with the smell. A methodology for conducting diagnostics has been created. Next, the validation of the developed olfactory test was carried out on 150 healthy volunteers. The study included an assessment of the threshold and identification ability of the sense of smell using the developed test and conducting a comparative analysis with a set of flavors and descriptors corresponding to the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results. The developed test includes: 2 panels — panel 1 to assess the threshold ability of smell, panel 2 to assess the identification ability of smell, a booklet with 80 images and captions to them. The norms of threshold and identification olfactory abilities were also determined in the developed test. The domestic test was validated against the relative foreign Sniffin’ Sticks test. Spearman’s correlation between the accuracy values of the domestic test (17—20; 85.00—100.00%) and the values of the foreign test (11—16; 68.75—100.00%) did not reveal statistically significant differences (rs=0.065, p=0.432), which confirms the equally effective assessment of olfactory ability by the domestic olfactory test in comparison with its foreign counterpart. Conclusion. In this work, a methodology for the use of Russian olfactory test was developed and validated on healthy volunteers. The features of the developed test are an assessment of the threshold and identification ability of smell, an adapted set of odors for the Russian population, the use of paper blotters when applying flavor and visual images of descriptors. Despite the wide variety of psychophysical tests, this problem requires further study and comparative analysis of olfactory tests available In Russia and foreign analogues in order to obtain a universal and effective diagnostic method for the populations of our country. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 24-25-00415).

Purpose. To assess the comparability of coronary calcium values measured on ultralow-dose computed tomography studies without ECG-synchronization versus a) non-contrast computed tomography with ECG synchronization, b) CT coronography with ECG synchronization. Materials and methods. The study comprised 283 studies: 68 patients who underwent contrast-free ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and contrast-free CT with ECG synchronization performed in a single visit, and 49 patients with contrast-free ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization, non-contrast CT with ECG synchronization, and CT coronography with ECG synchronization and intravenous injection of contrast agent, also carried out in one visit, meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Quantitative coronary calcium values were calculated with the Agatston score and the CAC-DRS scale (score of calcification degree from 0 to 3 and the number of affected arteries from 0 to 4 points). The degree of coronary artery stenosis was analyzed with CAD-RADS scale (0-5). The above parameters were compared using visual/quantitative assessment of coronary calcium on ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and visual/quantitative assessment for CT with ECG synchronization, as well as the degree of stenosis on CT coronography in the same patients. Results. Based on the results of accuracy indices comparison, the possibility to use quantitative scale (Agatston score, CAC-DRS quantitative scale) to assess coronary calcification in the lung cancer screening in comparison with ECG-synchronized CT was determined during interpretation of ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization. The correlation matrix to assess correlation between visual, quantitative scales of coronary artery changes and calcification at ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and quantitative scale at CT with ECG synchronization vs. CT coronography identifies very strong positive statistically significant correlations. Conclusion. Methods of coronary calcinosis assessment with chest ultra-LDCT and CT with ECG synchronization are comparable, therefore it is possible to assess coronary calcium in lung cancer screening by ultra-LDCT data at a reliable-high level using both quantitative and visual CAC-DRS scales.

Background/Objective: Recent advances in scientometric topic modeling have enhanced the capacity to rapidly assess evolving research priorities. This study aimed to characterize the thematic reorganization of clinical rehabilitation research during the early post-pandemic period and to compare how an Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)-derived topic structure, SciVal, and OpenAlex represent this interdisciplinary research domain. Methods: Titles of 55,711 publications on clinical rehabilitation (2022–2025) were analyzed using an LDA-based topic modeling pipeline to identify predominant thematic directions. For comparison, topics automatically generated by Scopus and OpenAlex were examined. Results: The analysis revealed ten major thematic clusters encompassing the entire publication corpus. These clusters represented both medical and non-medical dimensions of rehabilitation research. The principal directions included post-COVID-19 recovery, psychological and quality-of-life outcomes, technological innovations such as virtual reality and telemedicine, and the growing emphasis on multidisciplinary and integrative rehabilitation frameworks. Conclusions: The proposed approach provided a field-wide, two-level representation of rehabilitation research and enabled a direct structural comparison of alternative topic-classification systems. The analysis showed systematic differences in aggregation, fragmentation, and corpus coverage across the compared approaches, without implying the universal superiority of any single method.

Background: The rapid growth of the diabetes-related literature makes it difficult to characterize the thematic structure of the field using conventional bibliometric indicators alone. This study aimed to combine bibliometric network mapping with probabilistic topic modeling to describe major research directions in diabetes and their citation visibility. Methods: We analyzed 211,637 Scopus-indexed publications classified as articles, reviews, short surveys, or conference papers and published between January 2015 and May 2025. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer, and semantic analysis was conducted on publication titles using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Model interpretation was supported by coherence score, topic diversity, perplexity, dominant-topic assignment, and expert validation of topic labels. Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) was used descriptively to compare citation visibility across thematic areas over time. Results: VOSviewer identified seven keyword co-occurrence clusters, while LDA produced six broad semantic topics: cardiovascular and metabolic risks, diabetes management and quality of life, therapy approaches, diabetes complications, gestational diabetes, and pathophysiology and modeling. The six-topic LDA model showed c_v = 0.392, topic diversity = 0.73, and perplexity = −7.18. Publication-share and FWCI trajectories indicated that cardiovascular and metabolic risk research remained the largest thematic area, whereas quality of life and disease control showed the most marked increase in citation visibility. Conclusions: The integrated bibliometric–semantic workflow identified the main thematic domains and citation-visibility patterns shaping contemporary diabetes research. The findings highlight the continued dominance of cardiometabolic comorbidity research, the growing visibility of quality-of-life and disease-control topics, and the visibility of digital and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted approaches in complication screening and monitoring. This framework provides an interpretable basis for tracking research priorities and emerging directions in diabetes-related scientific literature.