Objective: To investigate SNPs in bone‐ and cartilage‐related genes and their interaction in the aetiology of sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusions.Settings and sample population: This study included 143 patients and classified as follows: skeletal class I (n = 77), class II (n = 47) and class III (n = 19); maxillary retrusion (n = 39), protrusion (n = 52) and well‐positioned maxilla (n = 52); mandibular retrognathism (n = 50), prognathism (n = 50) and well‐positioned mandible (n = 43); normofacial (n = 72), dolichofacial (n = 55) and brachyfacial (n = 16).Materials and methods: Steiner's ANB, SNA, SNB angles and Ricketts’ NBa‐PtGn angle were measured to determine the skeletal malocclusion and the vertical pattern. Nine SNPs inBMP2,BMP4,SMAD6, RUNX2, WNT3AandWNT11were genotyped. Chi‐squared test was used to compare genotypes among the groups. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and binary logistic regression analysis, both using gender and age as co‐variables, were also used. We performed Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.Results: Significant associations atP < .05 were observed for SNPs rs1005464 (P = .042) and rs235768 (P = .021) inBMP2with mandibular retrognathism and for rs59983488 (RUNX2) with maxillary protrusion (P = .04) as well as for rs708111 (WNT3A) with skeletal class III (P = .02; dominant model), rs1533767 (WNT11) with a brachyfacial skeletal pattern (P = .01, OR = 0.10; dominant model) and for rs3934908 (SMAD6) with prognathism (P = .02; recessive model). After the Bonferroni correction, none of the SNPs remained associated. The MDR predicted some interaction for skeletal class II, dolichofacial and brachyfacial phenotypes.Conclusion: Our results suggest that SNPs inBMP2, BMP4, SMAD6, RUNX2, WNT3AandWNT11could be involved in the aetiology of sagittal and vertical malocclusions.

The purpose of this study was to perform a clinical retrospective analysis of the etiology, incidence and treatment of selected oral and maxillofacial injuries in Brazilian children and adolescents. This study was conducted during a 14-year period between 1986 and 2000. All patients were admitted to Hospital XV in the city of Curitiba, State of Paraná. Age, gender, monthly distribution, etiology, soft injuries, associated injuries, site of fractures and methods of treatment were reviewed. Of the total of 350 patients of all ages treated for facial injuries, 29.42% were within the age range of the study (0 to 18 years). Mean age was 10.61. Of the patients, 63.1% were male. The most common cause of injury was accidental falls (37.87%), followed by bicycle and motorcycle accidents (21.36%). Of the 103 patients, 88.34% had single injuries. Mandibular fractures were the most common and the condylar region was particularly affected. Facial trauma is a relatively common occurrence in children. The study indicates that fractures in children and adolescents differ quite considerably from an adult population.