The role of marital status in emotional intelligence, happiness, optimism and hope was examined as well as the relationships between emotional intelligence, happiness, optimism and hope. The role of demographic factors was then considered in relation to these constructs. The participants included 500 individuals who were selected from Shiraz City; Fars province, Iran. A demographic questionnaire and five self-rating measures were used in this study. Married individuals demonstrated higher levels of “emotional intelligence,” “happiness,” and “trait/state hope” than widowed, divorced, single and remarried individuals. The “emotion attention” subscale of emotional intelligence was negatively correlated to “happiness,” “dispositional hope” and “state hope.” Emotional intelligence was found to correlate negatively to the “agency” factor of “state hope” on the “emotion clarity” subscale. Happiness correlated negatively with “optimism” and positively with “hope.” The roles of age, gender, occupation, level of education and ethnicity in the emotional intelligence, happiness, optimism, and trait and state hope were not significant.

The purpose of this research was to examine the validity of an adult attachment style questionnaire, to understand the relationships between the type of attachment style in relation to self-perceived stress and social support, and to investigate the influence of gender, ethnicity and religion on the above constructs. The participants were 308 university students from Malaysia. A demographic questionnaire and three self-report inventories were administrated in this study. The data indicated that the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) is a multidimensional construct with nine factors: "dismissing," "preoccupied with romance," "preoccupied with close relationships," "fearful," "preoccupied with dependency," "secure emotional," "comfortable depending," "preoccupied with mistrust" and "mutual secure." Different attachment styles were positively or negatively correlated at a significant level with perceived stress and social support. Attachment styles were explained by 20 and 33% of the total variance in self-perceived stress and perceived social support, respectively. There were significant gender, ethnic and religious differences in attachment styles, perceived stress and social support.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among mental health, coping styles, and risk-taking behaviors; as well as the roles of mental health and coping styles in the prediction of risk-taking behaviors, based on the influence of gender in a sample of Iranian young adults. The sample consisted of 92 males and 208 females who were randomly selected from the city of Eghlid, Fars Province, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, the Domain-Specific Risk Taking Scale (DOSPERT), the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ) were used in this study. The results data indicated that mental health (and its subscales) had significant relationships to the DOSPERT (and its subscales) in this sample. Also, coping styles and its subscales had significant relationships to the DOSPERT and its subscales in this sample. Coping styles explained 11% of the total risk-taking behavior variability in this sample. Men had significantly higher scores than women in the confrontive coping style and risk-taking behavior constructs.

The role of online social messaging applications on perceived stress, anxiety, and depression in relation to the moderating influence of age and gender in an Iranian sample was investigated in this study. A demographic questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) were utilized in the present research. The resulting data indicated that social networking nonusers had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression than users of Viber, WhatsApp, Line, Telegram, Tango, Instagram, Facebook, and other social networking applications. Users of WhatsApp, Viber, and other social networking applications had significantly lower levels of anxiety in comparison to users of the Line, Telegram, Tango, Instagram, and Facebook social networking applications. Young adults and females had a significantly higher anxiety level than adolescents and males in this sample.