The increasing global spread of cyanobacteria and their toxin Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a growing concern.This study aimed to examine the toxic effects of CYN on the early neurodevelopment of zebrafish, and to identify the underlying mechanisms. The findings indicated that zebrafish exposed to varying concentrations of CYN exhibited general developmental toxicity, including typical malformations, diminished embryonic movement, and shortened body length. The length of zebrafish larvae was shortened by 4.8 and 6.1 % in the 0.2 and 2 μm exposure groups, Furthermore, CYN was observed to impede neuronal development and motor behaviour in zebrafish. Concomitantly, CYN markedly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and modified catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Compared with the control group, zebrafish larvae in the 0.2 and 2 μm exposure groups showed a significant decrease of 17.7 and 43.2 % in CAT activity and a significant increase of 51.4 and 84.4 % in SOD activity, indicating that CYN induces oxidative stress. Furthermore, the fluorescence quantification and acridine orange staining assay conducted on additional Tg(lyz:dsRed) transgenic lines provided further evidence that CYN induced an inflammatory response and apoptosis, a finding that was also verified at the gene level. This study not only provides new insights into the mechanisms of CYN toxicity, but also provides important scientific evidence for risk assessment of environmental pollutants and the conservation of aquatic organisms.

The geographical distributions of Cd and several other heavy metals (HMs) (Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Co, and V) were characterized in 90 (p > 0.05) terra rossa samples across the Anhui karst area. Significant enrichment of HM was observed in this soil, mainly associated with the weathering of Cd-enriched carbonate rocks. Then, this enrichment was developed in 31 profiles. Our investigations revealed pedogenic processes as the dominant factors accounting for the enrichment of Hg, Cu, Ni, As, Co, and V. We also observed that all soil samples had a silty clay texture, with a pH scope of 4.08–8.04 and a median value of 6.50. In addition, the soil samples had relatively high saturation, with basic cations over 6.68%. The enrichment of the HMs based on their distinct factors were as follows: Cd (3.92) > As (2.55) > Zn (1.62) > Ni (1.50) > Cu (1.47) > Pb (1.47) > V (1.43) > Cr (1.23) > Co (1.19) > Hg (1.12). Finally, terra rossa samples derived from carbonate rocks were categorized as Cambisols, Luvisols, and Regosols. The soil profiles of Cambisols and Luvisolsis were less developed, so the HM concentrations were relatively low. The Regosols profile contained the highest total Cd concentration and exhibited a higher capacity to immobilize Cd compared with other soil profiles. Regosols are also characterized by high pH values (scope of 7.05 to 8.22, with an average value of 7.56). The contents of HM also exhibited minor changes across the Regosol, Cambisol, and Luvisol profiles, implying that the karst development degrees of weathering in Anhui were relatively low.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances discharged into the environment through human activities. 3-Isopropylphenol, a typical alkylphenol-based EDC, has been extensively studied due to its broad application and potential ecological impacts. However, the mechanism of its neurotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the neurotoxic effects of 3-isopropylphenol were examined using the zebrafish model. We predicted its potential toxic mechanisms and action targets using network toxicology and molecular docking and verified them via RT-qPCR. Results showed that 3-isopropylphenol exposure inhibits the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in zebrafish larvae, promoting apoptosis, impairing neural development, and suppressing locomotor behavior. These findings enhance our understanding of the toxic effects and mechanisms of 3-isopropylphenol on zebrafish larval neural development and aid in evaluating its potential ecological hazards.

Biochar, as a widely available and environmentally friendly porous carbonaceous material, holds broad application prospects in fields such as environmental remediation, soil improvement, and carbon sequestration. Its performance is highly dependent on the precise control of preparation processes and modification conditions. Traditional single-factor experiments and orthogonal designs cannot systematically reveal the interaction effects among multiple factors; they suffer from limitations such as a large number of experiments, low optimization efficiency, and a tendency to overlook global optimal solutions. Response surface methodology (RSM), which integrates experimental design, mathematical modeling, and parameter optimization, is an effective tool for solving complex optimization problems involving multiple factors and levels. Based on 1468 valid publications screened from the Web of Science Core Collection (2010–2025), this paper systematically reviews the development trajectory and research landscape of this field using bibliometric methods. The results show that the annual number of publications in this field increased from 4 in 2010 to 312 in 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of 33.7%. Research hotspots were concentrated in three major areas: optimization of adsorption performance, control of pyrolysis preparation processes, and chemical modification. Central composite designs and Box–Behnken designs were the most prevalent experimental approaches, accounting for 56.8% and 35.5%, respectively. Building on this foundation, this paper elucidates the basic principles of RSM and the applicability limits of commonly used design methods. It examines the optimization effectiveness and the value of analyzing interaction effects of RSM from three dimensions—biochar adsorption performance, preparation processes, and modification processes—in conjunction with typical application scenarios such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and non-metallic inorganic compounds; it also provides an in-depth analysis of core issues in current research, including limitations in secondary model fitting, inadequacies in multi-objective optimization, and significant extrapolation risks. Finally, the paper outlines future research directions, aiming to provide a systematic theoretical framework for the precise R&D and engineering applications of biochar materials.

Under the global climate change, variations in climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration significantly impact the growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat. A precise understanding of the impact of climate change on winter wheat growth and the scientific use of meteorological resources are crucial for ensuring food security, optimizing agricultural planting structures and agricultural sustainability. This study uses statistical methods and focuses on the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, utilizing data from 25 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2010 and winter wheat yield data from 1978 to 2010. Twelve refined indicators encompassing temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration were constructed. Path analysis was employed to determine their weights, establishing a comprehensive climate indicator model. Results indicate: Temperature indicators in the region show an upward trend, with accumulated temperature of the whole growth period increasing at a rate of 61.1 °C·d/10a. Precipitation indicators reveal precipitation of the whole growth period rising at 3.9 mm/10a and pre-winter precipitation increasing at 4.2 mm/10a. Sunshine duration exhibits a declining trend, decreasing at 72.7 h/10a during the whole growth period. Comprehensive climate indicators decrease from south to north, with the southwest region exhibiting the highest tendency rate (18.41), while the central and southern regions show greater variability. This study provides scientific basis for optimizing winter wheat planting patterns and rational utilization of climate resources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. It recommends prioritizing cultivation in western southern Hebei and improving water conditions in the central and northern areas through irrigation technology to support sustainable crop production.